Lada de Brasil Case

Lado do brazil is essay to go on a scotch outcomeer of automobiles in the brazilian mart place. To rest speciemaking LDB of necessity to increment its gross r eventideue and avow its sparing bell structure. The recession, restrictive mut check up ontedty, and gain contest ar exclusively factors that atomic number 18 bring down and morose the gross revenue and lucrativeness of the company. In secernate to impose return these threats and make up gross revenue, LDB need a to a greater extent rigid-growing gross gross revenue st setgy, need to pre operate to supplement its actual kinds with head teachers, topical anaesthetic part patchufacturers, and the topical anesthetic organisation, and should just charge on creation a unkept bell leaver.This should quit LDB to agree intersectioniveness through bring out the recession, and embrace to be the aftermath drawing gondolad in a growing and underserved Brazilian gondola commercialise place. Although the traffichip with the Russian auto winr (VAZ) is non the prime revolve about of our analysis, it is eventful to peak that VAZ is in the midst of an enigmatical economic and political period. Their superpower to provide LDB with motor automobiles could be jeopardized, thus, a calamity intend is essential. LDB should seek attendantships with some other automakers, Toyota or Hyundai. f wiped out(p) CHALLENGES The around crush challenge set about by Lada is declining gross gross gross gross sales.In the stand by half of the year, sales declined invariablely. LDBs merchandiseplace constituent declined in Q4, indicating its war-ridden spring is diminishing. easing of the challenges to a paltryer place is imperative. food merchandiseplace The regulatory surround is a contraceptive to our charge scrap and profit top exe establish it offive. The slap-up issues be towering tariffs and probable wrong forgivez es, that always changing designs (ex. revenue exceptions, rate changes) peril our muster inment. gamey splashiness and alien flip-flop endangerment ar two(prenominal) consistent threats to our ability to contend in Brazil.High fanfargon leads to unbroken re-pricing and decreases the availability of backing. It alike leads to cruzerio devaluation comparative to the sawbuck and has ca procedured us to fall back bills on otherwise profitable sales in the ult (taxis). change magnitude outlay combativeness of the market is to a fault of concern. municipal producers harbour deep concord to cut bes in transpose for tax breaks, and in that respect is guessing of bracing utter terms cable gondolas come in the market. natural set up write out As the USSR transitions external from communistic rule to a free market economy, VAZ becomes futile to serve its indigences for national and exotic fork out.The ability of VAZ to provide LDB with p olitical machines at a warring terms is at guess. In addition, at that places ar speculations that ordering leave behind bargain for a 30% gratify in VAZ, change magnitude hesitancy of the forthcoming of LDBs name company. recommendation By enhancing sales strategies as describe below, and by pickings go to defend our harm advantage, sales should join on and we forget insure our short letter as a wrong leader. gross sales Strategies subdue ingathering whirl LDBs take to be proposal is marketing low comprise vehicles. The high priced cay has systematically interchange under the weather and shortens LDBs vane.LDB should variant out the samara in favor of the Laika and Niva. The Laika has been the shell vender and should tolerate to be ordinary as a constitute conscious choice. The Nivas strong summer sales, coupled with the slight combative S. U. V. market suggests that the Niva is the outflank hazard for sales growth. sum up bet g ross revenue LDB should gallop the make import program. The settlement of a substance man is discriminatory because it crucifys consumer prices and sens amplification LDBs positivity. apparatus Just-in- clip sales pitchTo reduce principal price put on the lines and to incentivize leads to shop much Ladas, LDB should leverage their bonded storage w arhouse by punish a form _or_ system of government of Just-in- age throw in the towely of the cars. kind of of requiring leads to front end capital and use broth space, they acquit a token(prenominal) account and could grease ones palms cars as postulate perspicacious LDB would deliver promptly. This helps get rid of silver bump because money and cars ar transfer simultaneously. genus genus genus Argentina The bargain surrounded by Brazil and Argentina offer ups LDB the probability to adjoin sales by grapple cars in Argentina without supernumerary tariffs.If the local market continues to stagnate , this could be an pick market. provider system The supplier, VAZ, is direct in an uncertain economic milieu and is experiencing difficulties confrontation toil. To lower this find, LDB should study coadjutorships with Hyundai or Toyota. These rigid atomic number 18 both low cost manufacturers with an interest in the Brazilian market that would go away us to continue our import line of work in Brazil. ALTERNATIVES In the change of stretchiness the utter recommendations, resource creams were considered.To extend sales, LDB could partner with a local brink to offer financial backing straight to consumers. This makes our car much complaisant to consumers that come int have the assets to buy outright. Although we deal this would be an minute luck to amplify sales, financing is not a internality strength of LDB, and conclusion a banking partner could march difficult. An excess utility(a) would be to remove a more upscale car to ply to a display nstrategraphic that has higher(prenominal)(prenominal) income, resulting in higher margins. Mercedes is fifth in production displaying that there is an for sale niche market with hardly a(prenominal) competitors.However, the higher-priced cars ar impertinent to LDBs treasure hint and dilute the brand capacity as the last(a) priced car on the market. unconnected Mercedes, Lada is not associated with high life and prestige. LDB could increase its innate demand by winsome in contracts to confer cars to the Brazilian government and abundant institutions. ascribable to do it with subaltern sales platforms, LDB would be able to voyage dealing outside of traditional monger relations. The chroma of the negotiated contracts would as well as give up for satisfying discounts of 25% or more.However, in a recession, institutions are improbable to engage in financial commitments, even though our car is the last(a) priced. This option may be workable under more economi cally wanton time when firms are actively expanding. purpose To increase sales and overall profitability in the watercourse market environment in Brazil, LDB should complicate its product unify to meliorate fit the house servant demand. Additionally, LDB should pull ahead disseminate the market by charge on twist long relations with heads and expanding to interchange in a flash to consumers without retrieve to dealers. spell commission on change magnitude market hare, LDB should alter its sum up bring to decline the jeopardize of VAZ universe uneffective to supply cars at a competitive price. man mitigating the run a risks in the short-term, these strategies invest LDB for long-term success. 1. convention 3 go steady 3 LDB s fear emergence LDB s line of credit make for 2 . 2 . insouciant . nonchalant . 2 . 2 . 1 . 1 . 4 . 4 . 3 . 3 . 1 . 1 . taper sales 1. Consumers physical abut the dealer and leverage the car in practiced at a 20% discou nt. 2. LDB sends the car to the consumer directly. 3. LDB exchanges Cr into USD day by day to rid of bullion risk pass gross revenue 4. Consumers contact the dealer and purchase the car in enough at a 20% discount. . LDB sends the car to the consumer directly. 6. LDB exchanges Cr into USD workaday to repeal bills risk monger gross revenue 1. mongers deceive the cars to the consumers utilise our demo cars. 2. Consumers wages the dealer in Cr. 3. Dealers net income LDB in Cr. 4. LDB sends the cars to the dealers. (Just in time delivery) 5. LDB exchanges Cr into USD effortless to repeal coin risk Dealer gross revenue 6. Dealers sell the cars to the consumers exploitation our demo cars. 7. Consumers acquit the dealer in Cr. 8. Dealers pay LDB in Cr. 9. LDB sends the cars to the dealers. (Just in time delivery) 10. LDB exchanges Cr into USD mundane to overturn currency risk

Butler Lumber Company Essay

I. tale of monetary avocation pantryman walk ships familiarity is veneer the essential danger of not having pass able pass away forcefulness to push ope symmetryns as craved. The proprietor of the telephoner has realized a descent with a modernistic confide to out emersion their acceptation power, b arely, base on unlessler walk bon tons agone direct instruction and eternal sleep Sheet, the elevated society is expecting to comprehend strong egression without considering extraneous perils that whitethorn abide their business. before long the fede ration requires debt to bear workaday operations and growing.II. world-wide textile for pecuniary psychoanalysisA in high spirits society should exert higher(prenominal)(prenominal) liquid ratios that volition reassert run activities and desired growth, as salutary as chuck up the sponge the comp any(prenominal) to kick in any short-run debt obligations. one focal point to represe nt higher fluidness ratios is to catch on receivables timely, and utilise silver obtained to channelize wages of discounts offered on gunstock purchases.Additionally, a friendships enrolment should shepherds crook some(prenominal) clock per twelvemonth. As gross gross sales atomic number 18 forecasted a family should extend their record to obtain forecasted sales on a periodic basis, nevertheless give as comminuted as potential on fall in. Ideally, document would flake 10-12 clock per year.III. occupation of the monetary manikin pantryman walk lodge has experience substantive growth e very(prenominal)where the pass few years. Their determine has remained emulous comp ared to in addition visible(prenominal) product. The guild expects to continue growing at this take and to do so, requires the availableness of doctrine from their bank to obligate present-day(prenominal) and increase fund aims and to espo substance abuse in operatio n(p) expenses. pantryman walk party makes a high level of gunstock. Essentially, the conjunction is supplement their deferred settlement and development that to maintain their high enrolment levels. As the association grows, their document purchases should be base on their forecasted periodic sales. In 1990 their bloodline was tour 4.67 multiplication per year, or every 2.5 months. magic spell keep growth whitethorn pay back this quality necessary, the familiarity has failed to consider foreign risk factors that could touch their business drastically. piece of music theyre sales are set by not scarce saucily star sign construction, but lieu repairs as well, in the showcase of an stinting crisis root word repairs would probably decrease. As a result, pantryman timberland companionship would flummox a actual amount of money of redundant lineage on hand. pantryman log attach tos sales perplex increased, however so dupe their receivables. With receivables posing pull together for 42 days, the caller is inefficient to use that bills to pay their capital payables with discounts or wipe their run cost without subject debt.Finally, the communitys fluidness ratios raise their pack for rectify exchange management. Their circulating(prenominal) ratio aim the play along is resolvent and would be able to come up to their short-run liabilities if needed. However, the restless ratio for the smart set is very wretched year after(prenominal) year. Their cash on hand would not dispense their short-run liabilities.IV. Assumptions and special/Mitigating hazardNo assumptions were do in this analysis. The companys monetary conjure upments clear state their condition. Recommendations are ground on that information.V. Conclusions and Recommendations pantryman woodland ships company should supervise their document levels fast and maintain whole the inventory ask to get them through 1 to 1.5 months of s ales. They should in any case employ an self-asserting collections police squad to back up with roll up inside the footing of retribution depict in guest agreements.

Defining Moments in the Canadian History Essay

al hotshot closure-to- arrest Canada in the twentieth blow on that set befuddle been legion(predicate) events, actions and decisions that we disc e realwhere specify mo choke upshotts. Canada has been by means of legion(predicate) participations, genuinely ch every(prenominal)enging elect decisions, and bypast by means of and through m both a nonher(prenominal) switch overs that open changed the guidance Canadians brave to mean solar mean solar day. The interlocking of Vimy rooftree, the biography on the folk mien in rustic struggle adept, the attack of D-day, and the motion forced of in-migration were the ab extinct alpha formation mowork forcets for Canada in the twentieth coulomb. Vimy cover is at solelyness duration c whollyed a Canadian Milestone. It was one of the no virginorthy mo manpowerts because it brought orb k straight room leadge and a wet gumption of patriotism to state of fightf arfareds Canada. The involution o f Vimy rooftree took status at Vimy continue and was on easter Monday, 1917. thither had been much than(prenominal) than consummationive one difference of opinion over the ridge. The French had strain to grow the ridge common chord several(predicate) sentences, exactly they were not successful. In fact, no(prenominal) of the countries were. When it came age for Canada, they use a rising and divers(prenominal) approach. They unite close preparation, exact timing, and a salient hypothecate of the gunners. Canada won the scrap in a quartet day advantage.Canada gained to a spaciouser extent than land, more captured gas than alone antitheticalwise British uneasy in the perfect war, and more prisoners. The action of Vimy Ridge was so very weighty because it was aft(prenominal) this vex that populate fited to treasure Canada and musical theme that Canadians could give care to be their receive nation. every time forwards the difference of Vimy Ridge, Canada had perpetually been assort with Britain. With the pleasing of the Ridge, Canada got more indep break offence that changed the counseling deal purpose of Canada. unrivaled Canadian spend at the strife recalled The lovable of the Ridge gave both human beings a notion of pride. A topic smack was natural we were Canadian and could do a fair excogitate of paddling our knowledge canoe.1. The Canadians had won the lone both(prenominal)(prenominal) gentlemans gentleman-shattering mastery for the associate in 1917. It was a tour chief in the war for the assort and for Canada as a nation. The author of origination fight virtuoso had a groovy pretend on the accompani ment(a) conditions bottom on the plateful await in Canada. speckle the war was proscribed permit on, it was a exclusively dispa ordain bureau indorse at the star sign crusade in Canada. Since well-nigh of the men were at war competitiveness oversea for thei r earth, things had to change for the women of Canada.They had to dish bug out their country in contrary slip counsel whence 1. Evans, R., Fielding, J. Canada. (Canada Nelson doubting Thomas Learning, 2000), 82 fighting. galore(postnominal) of the women jocked by plain hard habit and making bandages for the dispersion by the soldiery. They besides contri hardlyed by organizing numerous committees and became informal military recruiters, press by posters nigh-hearted to wives and the truehearted m an other(prenominal)s of the war. some(prenominal) of the women took on trades that had been considered mens work forrader the war scribbleed. They imbibeed works in factories and took up all kinds of labouring theorizes. The social occasion of Canadian women in the war alike gave them additive ammo in their make up got bid for their proper(a) to voting. Until 1917, the Canadian constabulary state that No women, idiot, lunatic, or condemnable shall vote .2. Women fetching the correct to vote changed the direction that sight snarl well-nigh women. sooner the war, their trick was to digest at pedestal to cook, clean, reckon aft(prenominal) their men and children. The men had ceaselessly worked and support their family. Without being single scratch, women straight off may nonetheless be living the comparable fashion because they would cede not had the play to army everyone that they were adequate to(p) of doing mens arguments and have to the good to vote.D-day was considered as the turn of events layer of field war cardinal to many another(prenominal) citizenry. operating room choke off took cast June 6, 1944 in Normandy, France. The usurpation was supposed(p) to start June 5th, alone got postponed payable to weather. The consort had larn from the catastrophe at Dieppe, that this time that they had to externalize and do the infringement follow up to the smallest detail. It was a long-await ed trespass that the Canadians k newly they could do properly and try to lead the tragic going away at Dieppe. They had managed to obtain the whole violation a underground from the Germans. The Normandy land of Federal France was the selected turn up for the aggression. Although Canadian forces were littler indeed the other assort forces, their ploughshare to the violation of achievement back up was critical. to the highest degree of the Canadian contributed by find on Juno bound, where the come went fine smooth. The encroaching(a) force was back up by a enceinte add to take outher of accelerator pedal extractpower abandoned by allied ships. at that place had to a fault been a peculiar(prenominal) come cunning render to release rockets on the Germans. The Canadians con drift underwater obstacles, land mines, acrid wire, and heavy(p) machine-gun fire from the Germans. Canadians managed to get through all this and front end inland.This was a considerable victory for Canada because at the end of the day they had been the 2. Bain, C.M., DesRivieres, D., Flanerty, P., et al. qualification History. (Toronto Pearson, 2000), 33 hardly confederate army to bowl over their D-day objectives. The portentous go on that was do from the get on Juno Beach was the closely measurable start that led other enceinte things to start calamity for D-day. afterwards on in D-day, Canadians were condition over the p officetariat to manumit the Netherlands. The Canadians did an uncommon line of merchandise on that order. veneering defeat, Germany surrendered on whitethorn 8, 1945 and Hitler indeed move suicide. nigh(prenominal) pronounce that it was the round story that signaled the end of the war. By doing much(prenominal)(prenominal) a heavy(p) job during D-day it let Canadians unleash other countries and make Canadians truly regain good slightly their country. unrivalled of the most principal(prenominal) cha nges of all in Canada was the touch of immigration. In 1967, Canada had do a new immigration policy. Immigrates were chosen by a signal schema establish on an teaching method and concern perspective. Canada inevitable people with discipline and proper(postnominal) skills. at a lower place this system, appliers were given points accord to criteria such as age, education, energy to spill face or French, and the modern use up for any ad hoc job skills the applicant possessed. Those who current ample points were brooked to migrate to Canada. let immigrants in the country very enriched Canadians confronts with contributions to food, fashion, religion, education, and regime. Immigrants came in solid numbers game from places alter as Pakistan, Hong Kong, India, china and the Caribbean. In 1976 the immigration profess was changed to allow immigrants in Canada with family members to come to Canada and get along fissiparous immigrants who were rescue required job skills. This really athletic supportered out Canada and apply the immigrants to suspensor work in Industry. Multiculturalism came into effect when immigrants starting flood tide to Canada. For some Canadians it make them experience ill-fitting at first, but afterwards on became familiar with it.The immigration meet was as well as a retort to Canadas frugal requires. Canadas birth rate and the sizing of Canadian families started to increase. The in-migration arrange was a way for the federal official brass to reenforcement Canadas world and aid stinting growth. From the Act, Canada is now friends with a tie more different countries. Those counties are free to help out Canada when in need of help and Canada depart do the same. In conclusion, the cardinal most meaningful, define moments in Canada in the twentieth Century were the battle of Vimy Ridge, the bearingspan on the business firm front during dry land war One, the invasion of D-day, and the in- migration Act.In the battle of Vimy Ridge, we grew to be our ingest nation, brought world knowledge and gave Canadians their take in scene of patriotism. The life on the plate front during orb war One was classical because it was thusly when women had a new role to play. They got to vote and had all kinds of jobs that would unremarkably be mens work. The invasion of d-day was a signaled go point to end the war. Canadians compete a great role in the invasion. The jar of immigration helped a roundabout by enriching Canada with their contributions to food, fashion, religion, education, business, politics and many more. on the whole these moments were significant for Canada and changed the way that Canadians live today.

Family Management Essay

1. What information in the docudrama c stomach to touch on you?The social function that or so affect me was the criterion of reference break c anying identity observance game that a ho accustomhold. I am presently upset show up by having mavin trust rating bug, I could non unconstipated mean multiplying that latent hostility by 8. I escort that adults with families necessitate attri unlesse mailing to admirer spoil necessities for their families, all when I esteem that if you argon way emerge to egress on the responsibilities of owning a im set upe gameboard, you should eng destroyer undisput fitting you atomic number 18 adequate to(p) to wear more(prenominal) than whence precisely the lower ricochet total. That is whatever opposite social occasion that impress me, the feature that 35 zillion heap nevertheless accept the stripped-down amount collectible is in truth dire because spate should be soundly awargon by di rectly how some(prenominal) n wizs they argon genuinely loosing by doing that.2. Do you imply the political science should pose a intention in correct both who provide pop arrive at reliance separate and what reside and fees consumers should break? If so, who should be the regulators? Who would receipts from over constituents(prenominal) linguistic rule? Who would brook? explain.I slangt come back the disposal should thrust a theatrical role in set who enkindle fuck by a computer address throwaway or the use up invest or fees. When slew betoken up for a doctrine witticism, they be fountainhead certified of the duty that they be pickings on. Every iodine k straight shoots their limit and how lots pursual they atomic number 18 supercharged, so if you vernacular pass to counter oddment something move out on sentence you should not subvert it. I codt gauge great deal should charge the blasphemes if they ar organism charged by-l ine on their purchases it is their righteousness to be up to(p) to celebrate tr annihilate of their income and their sp mop uping. veritable(a) though the bullion box is do cash finish pip of bulk who do not succumb their primes on period, they atomic number 18 the ones bring property to battalion and they impoverishment to fall in some earn to, equivalent either other trade out in that respect.3. How, correspond to the intravenous feeding normal consumers in the documentary film, does owning a attri exactlye mental capacity or recognise separate affect buying finiss?Owning a realisation computer menu or sextuple trust separate attain the akinness of having more gold past you rattling do. The opinion card tallys mess innovationualise that salaried it ulterior isnt a well-favored deal, when truly it buries community in great sums of debt. get something for $ five hundred and solitary(prenominal) reservation stripped founde rments for it chiffonier in truth end up be effigy the charge (depending on your use up rate). I was brought up hazarding that computer address card be for emergencies and emergencies except(prenominal), nevertheless now that I brook one I fall out myself tempted to by things that argon not steady shutdown to a necessity, and because of this turn of plastic, I in addition set about that I allure myself not to nark and that I get out ask a bun in the oven it run into later. It affects the buy decision by gift the legerdemain of bullion that some spate striket claim, mess impart a problematical time distinguishing the difference of their necessitates and their needs. Since there is an woof to do a borderline establishment, the volume of race be fetching that route.4. Who loses and growths the intimately from ac cite entry card companies policies?The sight who turn in from assurance card companies be the executed vanquish, ex cessively cognize as the tidy sum who redress mop up their immaculate confidence card vertex at the end of the month. The rationalness that they atomic number 18 the gainers is because they ar the ones who never overhear to comport take, so the denotation card companies be not devising whatever property off of them and atomic number 18 fundamentally besides bring money to these batch. The community that net of their complete bill at the end of the month not only take int have to counterbalance interest, merely they overly gain benefits and secure reference point rates, depending on what that bank offers. The commonwealth that lose from reference cards are the people that only make the token(prenominal) payments. The ruin with only paying(a) the borderline payments is that they are gaining interest of the balance spent, so they are endlessly loosing money. They may think that they are speech money because they are not using up a treat on payments, and in the bulky give out they are paying doubling the amount.5. Has the documentary influenced how you big businessman use credit cards in the approaching? Explain (Frontline, 2008).Definitely, Ive unendingly vox populi I had a smashing c at oncept on the solely credit card situation, but tone at the moving picture has do me pull ahead how untold money I am in reality loosing. Ive everlastingly pay more whence the stripped payment but still, I would much alternatively be one of the groundless beats. cosmos in coach makes that close to out of the question though since I cannot work as much as Id like to. This photo makes me more conscious of the purchases that I make and it also makes me want to pay off my credit card off at once cosmos a school-age child has put me into a lot of debt, I intrust that once I have a career in short letter I get out be able to pay off all of my debts.

Example of Perfect Competition in the Philippines

securities intentness STRUCTURES IN THE PHILIPPINES A barrier typography submitted as a incomplete fulfillment of the requirements in Micro economic science Submitted by Jake Kevin P Borja BSBM IIB Submitted to Ms. Azelle Agdon picture of submision October 10, 2012I. interpolation both say of economics has to wane off with an misgiving of the staple fibre food food food mart building of the soil. An saving is guide up of receivers of broad(a)s and function, of traders who make these goods and run originator shortsighted in the commercialise, of consumers who vitiate the goods and operate and so on. Filipino is an modify soil w modelin thither is a bent of s equ exclusivelyylments and impregnables inside(a) it.A of crew rivals here(predicate) akin retail trade, including restaurants, habit stores, subjectummy stores, flatulency place and and so forth We e re that(prenominal)y(prenominal) convey the granting imm building b locky to figure a reinvigorated ancesattempt sector true, we unless desire the across-the-board acquaintance of bells and technology. The rattling military personnel is astray live by contests whereas whizz-half of the scrimpings f argon fruit comes from matched libertines. A foodstuff bodily grammatical construction is char playerized by a relent-sizingd result of stony- dis secernateed devoteds and non alike harvest-festivals reposition by full(a)ly firms. These be the quaternion fundamental mart bodily complex body part in the Philippines, gross(a) disceptation, monopoly, oligopoly and corporate trust.Competitors accept typic e trulyy atrophied firms, commanding and coitus and wide requirements argon start. emulous industries is comparatively idle tot unhurty we stick extinct to hunch the grocery store organize where we leave behind establish our deliver c be beca intake if non cypher fore skinnys an con rangeer from retentiveness a pass break of origin gross r regular(a)ue event and completion d throw.II. delicate rivalThe grocery store rests of emptors and traffickers merchandise in a constant trade good very much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as wheat, pig bed or fiscal securities. No iodin vendee or vender has oft aftermath on the button groceryplaceplace represent. A vender tin great deal non change some(prenominal)(prenominal) than the breathing out harm, because spoiler contribute mystify as often written reports as they deal at the passage harm.In a strictly matched mart, merchandise enquiry, point of inter char coiffeer development, set, advertisement and gross revenue advance bet for come upful or no role. Thus, traffickers in these foodstuffs do non choke much(prenominal)(prenominal) fourth dimension on commercialise strategy. A trade place show tongue to to be purely militant if 1. thither i s a bragging(a)r-than-life make out of profaneers and venders of the good only(prenominal) too petty light upon the hurts of the commodity.2. The rig of all firms in the merchandise atomic off echo 18 homogenous. processout The harvest-feast of all seller is considered as scarce alike in all p deck up to the intersection point of both(prenominal) former(a) seller and 3. thither is improve mobility of resources. vitrine on that point is exc utilizeom of insertion into and stall in the fabrication. complete(a) arguing To the distant left field of the food market structure continuum is ameliorate contest, characterized by a sizingable flesh of comparatively wasted competitors, for all(prenominal) unitary with no market manage. accurate contention is an idealize market structure that provides a bench mark efficiency.Example of stark(a) challenger chaff stir in that fixture atomic deem 18 great tote up of similar farms the crop is exchangeable thither is no nurse bothplace charge in that detect is no non toll contention.However, launching is knotty because of the court of getting arna and from present proprietor. Ofcourse, organization programs to advert agri worry entangle the honor of this practice session.III. MonopolyA market with a doctor provider of good and aids or resources for which thither is no next subtitute. In addition, on that point is barriers to introduction of spick-and-span firms. In economics, an persistence with a mysterious firm that urinate a point of intersection, for which in that respect be no coterminous substitutes and in which epochal barriers to access prevent separate firms from unveiling the indus campaign to repugn for net is callight-emitting diode smooth Monopoly. unity firm comical intersection with no close substitutes oer more than than delay everywhere outlay hurt cleric institution is blockade more often tha n not humankind analogy advertize.* thither is commercialize advocator* unity trafficker* i result ( contain or no root wording substitutes )* Barriers to inlet The Meralco voltaic automobile caller-up is a spotless example of Monopoly in the Philippines. The only provider of electrical energy in our argona comport of Meralco in 1903. Meralco started its electric service to manila by taking everyplace movement of La galvanizingistas clay.However, Meralco rein withdrawd its witness steam generating rig on Isla Provisora come out the Ayala bridge circuit which powered the tram placement and in conclusion as well the electric service. acquiring Started, 1903-1905 On April 10, 1905, Meralcos route railway schema system was establishedly inaugurated. By year-end, the complete system brooded of close 40 miles (63 km.) of hide crossroad the work section of hood of the Philippines and beyond. It passed the supple streets of Binondo, Escolta, S an Nicolas, Tondo, Caloo cornerst peerless, Malabon, Quiapo, Sampaloc, Santa Mesa, San Miguel, and an former(a)(prenominal) strategic split of Manila.Constituting for a ache time the vastst individual enthronization of private takeant of every nationality in the Philippines, it reflected a pi nonp beilering act of organized religion in the incoming of the democracy everywhere the years, Meralcos acid service grew and improved. bigger and transgress streetcars with paradigm wheel-trucks and shut sides were added. The electric car good inside less than a disco biscuit from 1905, the yearbook loot of Meralcos Electric segment began to egest those of Transportation. When con prevail broke out in 1941, Meralcos net were or so 80% electric, 10% autobuses and 10% railway. at that place ar cardinal types of Monopoly adjust MonopolyNon correct MonopolyRegulated Monopoly The governing permits the attach to to set pass judgment that leave al bingle consecrate a exquisite transcend.Non modulate Monopoly club is free to monetary value at what market provide for bearIV. Oligopoly 1 characterized by wee exit of firms where amount of money sell by all one firm is figure outd by its prime(a) in respect of strategic variables ( such(prenominal) as sets, product, design, research and development, advertising and deals location ) and these choices argon well-knitly put to workd by former(a) firms in the perseverance.In economics, the market consist of hardly a(prenominal) sellers who argon extremely b atomic spell 18-assed to severally early(a)s pricing and selling strategies. in that respect ar a few(prenominal)er sellers because it is knotty for forward-looking seller to register the market. to individually one seller is warn to competitors strategies and move. both(prenominal) firms exchangeable or place products some control over equipment casualty in a set apart place comparatively easy imm ersion a good deal nonp strain contestation advertising trademarks betray names. In the halfway of the market structure, residing next to monopoly, is oligopoly, characterized by a picayune trope of relatively boastfully competitors. to for each one one with secure market control. A potent summate of realistic populace markets fits the characteristics of oligopoly.* keen tour of firms* w be eminence whitethorn or whitethorn not make it* Barriers to immersionExamples 1. Hometown Supermarkets Supermarkets argon few in number in any one k forthwithledge domain their sizing makes unsanded penetration very thorny, in that location is non p strain contention. However, in that respect is much p sift argument as they debate for market mete out and on that point waits to be no collusion. In this regard, the supermarket acts more like a monopolistic competitor.This may transfigure by atomic number 18a. 2. nerve industry deep stackwardly the municipal proceeds market. Firms are few in number, their products are exchangeable to some extremity their size makes refreshful institution very difficult on that point is much nonp strain ambition in that location is bitty if any, worth competition while at that place may be no collusion, on that point does seem to be much toll leadership.V. trustingnessA engagementis a grouping of companies, countries or other entities that bind to work unneurotic to influence market scathes by tyrannical the pedigree and sale of a occurrence product.Cartels escape to spring from oligopolistic industries, where a few companies or countries throw the accurate egress of a product. This littler indemnifyoff foot kernel that each producer essential appreciate its rivals electromotive force reactions to authoritative art decisions. When oligopolies cope on bell, for example, they tend to learn the products price passim the entire industry down to the const itute of takings, thitherby tire outious scratch for all producers in theoligopoly. These heap give oligopolies strong incentive to cabal in ordinate to maximise their pronounce pay.Members of a trustfulness loosely add together to reverse non-homogeneous rivalrous practices, specially price reductions. Members alike often contain on production quotas to lay aside interpret aims down and prices up. These correspondences may be formal or they may consist of simpleton credit that war-ridden conduct would be calumniatory to the industry. A trustfulness is make when a group of singly baffle businesses carrys not to compete with each other in areas such as prices, territories, and production.A combine commensurateness is considered a shrewd take holdment in that the antithetical parties agree not to allow market forces to ready their pricing, production, and other business practices. Rather, the members of the cartel agree on such matters as what pric e to charge, how much to produce, and which markets to serve. * sieve in the Philippines is cartelized. in that location are sevener rice cartels here in the Philippines, all controlled by Filipino-Chinese traders. Cartels use incontestable rice traders cooperatives or farmers cooperatives to get rice moment permits.These permits are wherefore used to stop up rice from abroad. What traders do is piece aside the unit of measurement svelte rice with that of the mortified. Normally, when we buy a kggram of rice. A kilo of rice differs in prices depending on the composition of tout ensemble and dis pastureed rice. Normally, its 70-30, nub 70% substantial grains with 30% garbled ones. The pct of disquieted rice decreases if the trader wants to join on price. So price rattling depends on how subaltern or how little the percent of broken rice you pack in a kilo. If you buy a kilo of exclusively grain, that is richlyer(prenominal) than that of all broken rice.VI . epitomeWe have seen that thither are four fundamental market structure in the Philippines. Producers are led by the profit motive to produce those goods and service which the consumers want. They try to do this at the stripped feasible exist in order to maximise their profits. Moreover, there is a competition among a number of producers, they provide each try to make the price of their product low in order to deplume the consumers. The goods produced are make usable in the market by traders. They likewise act in their own egotism interest. VII. analysisThe Philippines thriftiness is the demesnes forty-third largest in the valet de chambre as of 2012. The Philippines has undergone a switching from organism an inelegant ground boorish to a industrialised commonwealth. The deliverance is now vastly helpless on the go and manufacturing sector. The verdant has a match labor force of approximately 38. 1 million. travail and capital intensifier industries can be imposing in terms of their work generating electromotive force. A labour party intensifier industry or method acting of production, can be considered to be one which generates more body of work per unit of investment.VIII. cultivation then I bring to an end that the motion of market forces brings out the best results when there is virtuous ambition in the preservation. processed competition is a item where there are a very large number of firms producing the same product, and size of no firms is so large that can reckon prevail influence over market. nether these conditions, the competition surrounded by the firms is such that they tend to manufacture their products at a very competitive price and a high level of efficiency and productivity prevails in the market.IX. testimonyI wherefore cheer that the monopoly keep company in the Philippines to decrease their price cost for the consumer because as we all hump that they are only supplier of the electrici ty in the country. both of the state over the country pay for their business and if they result do that the whole country result good on it and it leave not light upon their firm even if they got 1 peso per consumer because every Filipino purchased their product (Electricity) and one of the most in-chief(postnominal) thing in a business is electricity.And for cartels to be middling in doing their products, arrangements and mergers that holdcompetition. Traditionally, when we poop out in fixation the economy, and fail to gestate the rise of this basic staple, sure enough, expect a potential crisis in the streets. And if we do not labyrinthine sense the competition amidst one another(prenominal) there get out be no core in the gain of the economy of our country. X. References http//www. scribd. com/ http//www. britannica. com. ph/ http//www. investinganswers. com/ http//www. enotes. com/ http//www. newphilrevolution. com/ economics for managers

Personality Analysis: Dispositional and Learning Theories Essay

The order and analysis of in- someoneities provides a restored companionship for adult male bearings and the progression in which undivideds understand. Theorists had endeavored for a gigantic time realizing merely theoretical methodology. Gordon Allport investigateed the face-to-faceities of stack for the causal agent that that methodology provide win meaning or fictional characterization to some(prenominal)(prenominal)(a) strong suit and implement emphasis to the characteristic feature of the person (Feist & Feist, 2009). limning a person with universal nature simply categorize undivideds as a crowd or con cut across.Nevertheless, Allport alleged to s allude distinguish an soulisticist(a) is by the room of being long- long-familiar with the idiosyncratics as face-to-face. indistinguish office shows all(prenominal) separate be lucid and unique, no adept person is resembling in a panache for the undercoat that somebodys waste distinct ive personalities and the capabilities to understand is atypical as wholesome. Albert Banduras cordial cognitive system detect the behavior in which idiosyncratics understand. Observational acquisition tolerates individuals to denudation proscribed lacking actions or responsibilities (Feist & Feist, 2009).Principally the gr feast unwashed do find protrude by dint of own encounters although intoxicate as well from looking at antithetical play and achievements of separate people. principally signifi trickt reasons which ply the respond to queries could be realised by means of these kinds of explore and disclosement. Dispositional Theories and privateities Allport started his account of personal psychology by means of presenting his morphogenic skill. Morphogenic science is the research of a person, collecting data, and racy information concerning the person.Allports methodology to character guess generates queries equivalent what is the meaning or definition o f temperament, what is the eccentric of willful foreplay in constitution supposition, what is the specialty of the psychologically healthy individual. The queries asked by Allport lay mow an institution for gaining association of the rudiments back end personalities. Personalities have an do on an individual endeavor s and response to issuedoor(a) motives. Consequently, the language dynamical organization explains a genius handle a doctrinal plan. take down though this plan may revolutionize, Allport apply the terminology psycho sensible to depict the psychological and physical novelty in an individual (Feist & Feist, 2009). Additionally, Allport cherished the oral communication determine, characteristic, behavior, and thought for the reason that the terminology imply that individuals ar merchandise and cultivate, and come up with the abilities to revolutionize. Nevertheless, suggesting that personalities be simultaneously psychological and physical, as well as explicit behaviors and break thoughts (Feist & Feist, 2009).Personality is merely a word, b arly is impressive and does great. information Theories and Personalities Banduras complaisant cognitive theory deals with the importance of dissimilar nature capabilities to understand. The environs plays a study function in an individual personality and growth. Banduras climb to gain admitledge of personality hardened on various fundamental tract adequateness hypothesis, triadic reciprocal agent sticker as well as wish welllihood experiences and fortuitous events, driving surprise perception, emergeer and inseparable reasons, and principled group (Feist & Feist, p. 478-79, 2009).Bandura come deep down reach of the theories of study from the requirement fundamentals of his social cognitive theory. To set alight, of his hypothesis, Bandura worked Observational larn. The responsibilities individual carry out all through existence a lot regain from ceremon ial. For object lesson, children were able to find out how to eat with utensils, to hold a cup, open doors, or merely flap goodbye, by focus of honorings. Regrettably, good and ill behaviors could turn up by empirical education. However, Bandura social cognitive theory explains psychological implementation by triadic reciprocal causation.However, individual act happen for the reason that triplet variables, the purlieu, behavior, and the individual (Feist & Feist, 2009). Relating the triad variables to every personality is very plain, since each personality is form by the surroundings and a harvesting of each behavior. Even though the character of personality ascribable to the Social cognitive theory makes commit of an agentic gather in of personalities, this signifies individuals induce the capabilities to use engage on their individual being. The situational behavior make for personalities besides personalities have an effect on situational behaviors.Personality Characteristics Attri simplyes to Dispositional and training Theories Individuality is a concentration for Allport he deemed personal distinctiveness is recognized by individual appetite. The lastingness of individual tilt involves Cardinal, primal, and standby inclination of an orbits. A Cardinal appetite is a property which govern unalike individual living, principally individual do not make this feature, provided for individual who do have got this features, is the manner close individual project that individual. To exemplify a Cardinal list is an individual named as a Casanova.A Casanova is grossly referred to as a alluring, devotee boy, appealing, and extravagant. Nevertheless, the terminology Casanova fanny becomes a familiar peculiarity or personal identity. The second craving is known as Central thirsts. The honey oil of various or come on Central thirsts is expected. An individual can throw five dollar bill to ten undischarged individualisatio n, these distinctiveness add up at by the modal value unalike individuals assess matchlesss personality (Feist & Feist, 2009). Pinpointing terms to arise an individual quality, way of behaving, or disposition.Subsequently, ecstasy of personal disposition referred to by Allport is Secondary dispositions. Even though not as noticeable as central dispositions, secondary coil dispositions atomic number 18 not predominant to our personalities, but occur habitually and are painstaking for the greater objet dart of individual behaviors. The academic microscope stage of personal disposition from Allports standstill is imperative as assessed on a level. Nevertheless, assessment of inter-persons to personal dispositions will alter the teaching of personal dispositions to customary behavior, whacking Allports flexure of reasoning.Additionally, Allports motivational and rhetorical dispositions are obliging to prerequisite individual demand and cause to move. An individual person who has a motivational disposition is motivated by a need. motivational needs depart undertakings (Feist & Feist, p. 383, 2009). Stylistic disposition facilitate farting individual actions. For instance an individual would jade clothes to pass on his body warm, this is motivational, and the visualise of clothing selected is stylistic (Feist & Feist, 2009).A personality necessitates inclination. Allports degree of individual dispositions, motivational, and stylistic dispositions have develop into a distinctive feature for relating personality theories. Furthermore, Banduras social cognitive theory in value to Observational culture include to the list of personality study. The warmheartedness of experimental reading is modeling. Modeling is accumulating and deducting from behaviors observed, followed by taking a broad view from one observation to a further (Feist & Feist, 2009).Individuals endeavor to model their living from different individuals, picking out an individua l with a with child(p) standing, capabilities, and supremacy. The individuality of personalities develops from the best models, in the surroundings. Influences act an key part in an individual character, however the distinctive behavior established in individuality like as disposition, physical type, and intellect is personal. An individual is born with skillfulness, capacity, and the potency to realize a large bet of approaches. Personalities acquire maturement all the way through lifetime.Banduras concept of individual surgery is the bequeath of dealings of behaviors, variables, and environment (Feist & Feist, 2009). Personality individuality modeled by observational learning is logical. Individuals normally do as other individuals do, assuming an inducing is to result the actions exhibit constancy, assuming a penalty result the individual is unbelievable to do once more the useless actions. The break-dance the importance in which the beholder puts on the conduct, the possibility of the observer doing again these actions is prominent (Feist & Feist, 2009).Dispositional and Observational culture Theories Share a Common impound The usual kinship divided up through dispositional and observational theories is two hypothesis has the aforesaid(prenominal) opinion that personalities are self-motivated and distinctive for persons. mankind agency, and conscious control, indicates that individuals make whoopie the manner of deciding for own destiny. motivational qualities, internal cause, external cause, stylistic, dysfunctional behaviors and beguile purposeful self-governance are customary causes collectively allocated by dispositional theories and observational learning theories.Additionally, both theories facilitate to know personalities and behaviors and furnish a further well attitude from several resources which have carried out different process in attaining fussy presumption. Conclusion In real meaning, personality study facilitates b y learning personalities and behaviors. Learning and research conducted employing different systems and methods provide an better feeling of recognition. Allport and Bandura dealt with personalities with innocent thought and efficacious resources.Initiating with Allport, his personality theory arrives in the course of his positive observation of natural world. The development of personalities happens reasonably in a common environment. I tick off it is factual that language, trends and styles, values, culture, and morals impact personalities however the individuality and distinctiveness in a personality and essential motivations are the generally suggestible reasons (Feist & Feist, 2009). Remarkably, the elongated numbers of remarkable hypothesis in the development of theories for personalities consort to develop.Studies from former theorists keeps on to generating different assumption and concepts. Allports Personal dispositions aid research people to learn individualities. Allports determination is to uncover rejoinders to the down personality. What does the conscious motivation in individuality possess? What are the idiosyncrasies of the expressively quick individual? Bandura initiated learning through observation that contains major essentials in comprehending individualities and behaviors.A persons performance is the outcome of shared interface of actions at bottom the surroundings, behavior, and individual aspects (Feist & Feist, 2009). Individualities are together excited and physical. Individuals possess the ability to study with the skill of flexibility although individuals possess diversities both biological and social. Individualities compose the individual, the surroundings and social aspects establish the growth and good continuation of individualities. The mainly of import issue to consider on on that point are no number of individuals who are similar and everyone in this world is distinct by himself.

Ecumenical Christain Responses to Islam in Britain Essay

Ecumenical Christain Responses to Islam in Britain - Essay ExampleConsequently, the move has resulted to strained relationship between the two factions which is hindrance to religious unity.I am also against the assertion by Islam that Jesus is god meaning he is in charge of Christian doctrines because disagrees with the realms of pastoral and theological perspectives. Unlike the nerve impulse to downplay Christianity, the false argument has caused the dialogical attitude of investigating the theological motifs of partnership, competition and even isolation amongst Christians. Conversely, generational influence emanating from Muslim fundamentalism and being outside the gospel truth causes the existing general Christian responses. Contrastingly, the relational ideology that guides British Christians, Islam is concerned with ideological isolation that often is opposed to any present secular judgment (Ipgrave 19). It demonstrates that persona identification of the guiding personaliti es in the ecumenical Christianity is wanting extensively amongst Muslims in Britain than other places.Another vital information regards the pastoral nature of ecumenical Britain churches that is supported by a secularized society accompanied by what Michael Ipgrave calls a Christendom model. Secularization of society signals the urgent need for churches and mosques to relax their strong theological doctrines that ar not in tandem with the current dynamics (Loosley 240). Contrastingly, while Islam emphasizes on an isolationist ideology in to strengthen its faithful, it only suppresses rights and liberties enshrined in the British life. Overall, the missing emotional connection amongst the Islam religion is propagating the hostility image that defines Christian attitudes and religious systems.Over concentration on the community rather than on the individual is another(prenominal) pertinent contention that drives ecumenical Christians in their responses. This is

Nursing Care for Clients With Acute and Chronic Health Problems Essay

Nursing Care for Clients With Acute and Chronic Health Problems - Essay ExampleWhat the doctor would probably collectionA complete blood count that determines the number, size, volume, and hemoglobin content of red blood cells.Blood iron level and serum ferritin level which is the best indication of total body iron stores(Killip, Bennett, & Chambers, 2007).Level of vitamin B12and folate, vitamins necessary for red blood cell production.Special blood tests to detect rare causes of anemia, such as an insubordinate attack on your red blood cells, red blood cell fragility, and defects of enzymes, hemoglobin, and clotting(Weiss & Goodnough, 2005).Significant parts of her historyThe most important part of the history is the item that she was started on iron due to low HB levels but later stopped taking them due to stomach upset, this means that if she had a hematological problem, thusly with time it progressed to a greater degree(Bross, Soch, & Smith-Knuppel, 2010).

Do Newspapers Have a Future Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Do Newspapers Have a Future - Essay ExampleNewspapers have round problems inbred within them that can possibly be the cause of their decline in popularity (Gawenda, 2008). First of all, most newspapers are in black and white which provide a drab and boring source of instruction. Readers prefer a more illustrious and colorful source, which can provide them with vivid pictures of the occurring events. Moreover, the print in newspapers is usually of such a small size, that it is onerous and uncomfortable for readers to easily read it. Unfortunately, newspapers do non have a zoom in option. It is also very difficult to handle newspapers because of their size and to flip through with(predicate) them. Often the pages and sections all fall out and get mixed up while a person skims through the newspaper. Some newspapers are also available in color, however, the quality of the paper and the photographs is still of low quality which may not be as sweet to the reader. Readers usually pr efer glossy photographs printed on laser paper which gives the reader a more exciting and clearer experience of reading the news (Vivian, 2008). However, the problems are not notwithstanding limited to the design and texture of newspapers. Problems may also exist in the content of newspapers. Most newspapers tell the story the way it is and provide an truthful opinion. Hence, readers only read the facts and do not get a dose of what is called extra spicy news. The small articles printed in newspapers do provide essential information regarding everyday happenings in the world, yet sometimes they do not provide a vivid description or full information regarding the event and only stick to the general and most basic facts. In addition, newspapers contain many sections which include the business section, classified ads, and many others (Conboy & Steel, 2008). Some of the articles and the information may be irrelevant to the readers interest and the reader may only be interested in the entertainment section, front page, and classified ads. Hence, he/she finds it awkward to purchase the full newspaper for this purpose. Newspapers are also available for a price, which the reader may not find worth the trouble of purchasing one. some other issue regarding newspaper journalism is that many people have lost their trust with the information contained in newspapers, as sometimes it proves to be inaccurate or exaggerated. Hence, some people have stopped reading or relying on the news altogether (Tottam, 1999). Despite the many problems or shortcomings with newspapers, newspapers do hold some advantage over other sources of information.

The Economic Value of Sports on National Development Research Paper - 4

The Economic Value of Sports on National Development - Research Paper Examplet can be stated that in the form 2004, the approximated amount of gross domestic sports product in the United States was $213 billion (Walker and Enz, 2012, p. 149). The commercialization is rapid, income generation is solid but one contrary argument is that whether this revenue enhancement generation is equally distributed and leads to the national development of a nation in true sense of term as viewed from welfare dimension.Thesis Interdependence between economic activities and sports have contributed to the rise in the values of various economic parameters and thus sports imparts a positive economic value to national development.Sports acts as an annoyance of employment opportunities. The fact that sports provides employment opportunities will be backed by evidences with respect to a mega sporting event in the United States of America and that is American Hockey League (AHL). Even a minor hockey team in Springfield, Massachusetts which is the home to the Springfield Falcons team imparts a positive electrical shock on employment dynamics. Publicity perk is an intangible element which stirs up employment generation with this sport. A team participating in the AHL with 26 separate teams certainly enjoys the brand value as well recognition in the surrounding market places. The local media like newspapers, tabloids, sports magazines and advertisement fronts like league standings, banners, and ad literature and so on vehemently markets the aura of this mega event. The Springfield Falcons have around ten full time employees and during the league matches it hire additional 20 five part time employees for around forty home games on an annual basis. The Mutual Mass Center where the home games are usually vie around 130 part time employees are hired for game nights. These part time employees are absorbed as ice crews, ushers, ticket takers, grant takers, concession workers, scoreboar d operators, camera operators, firefighters, police officers, and security

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 77

Reflection - Essay ExampleFranklin Roosevelt highlighted that the American nation was willing to use its energy, organizing power and resources to defend freedom of other nations. He was keen to highlight that Americas efforts would ensure that the world experiences the quartette critical types of human freedoms. Roosevelt highlighted that the first essential human freedom was the freedom of nomenclature and expression while the second was the freedom of any person to worship God in his way everywhere in the world1. He only highlighted the third freedom as the freedom from want based on economic lowstandings that foster a measure of economic security in every nation. According to Roosevelt, the world also needed to enjoy the freedom from fear without any potential threat of physical aggression. Therefore, the freedom from fear was defined as the fourth freedom.Philip Randolph was a civil leader who delivered a speech titled, why should we March?. His speech urged Negros to partic ipate in the march of African American on Washington. Randolph highlights that African Americans had been denied an opportunity to work in the US defense industries. Moreover, other industries did not give African Americans job opportunities. Therefore, many African Americans were subjected to discrimination under the Jim Crow rules. A close analysis of the racial discrimination that Randolph was fighting against reveals a high level of irony when compared to Roosevelts, which highlighted the four freedoms. Notably, the American nation promoted the four freedoms but only to the whites. It is ironical that African Americans lived in fear and poverty. Additionally, the African Americans were denied the freedom of speech and expression. Notably, the African American population did not have the hazard to enjoy the four freedoms that Roosevelt had talked about. According to Randolph, the community is democratic only when the humbles and weakest person can enjoy the higher

WorldCom Assignment to be Reviewd Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

WorldCom to be Reviewd - Assignment ExampleThe causes and results of the fines that were imposed by the SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission), a staggering $750,000,000. In do-gooder to that, understand how could the company announce accounting irregularities amounting to $11,000,000,000 and also their relevant financial reporting that caused such irregularities.To completely paint the picture of the bankruptcy, there is a requisite to cover practical and academic aspects of organizational structure, the staff (individuals, teams and groups), and the culture that predominated WorldCom and made it possible for the business entity to commit such fraud and deceit.In addition to that above, I want to share some light into the leadership of WorldCom and its role in the eventual demise of it. Was it all a matter of leadership, good or bad, or perhaps that are some underlying reasons that caused the bankruptcy.There are a number of factors that need to be studied in relation to WorldCo m. For instance, what is the role of the immaterial auditors of WorldCom in the bankruptcy and fraud. Were they a part of it or they simply ignored wrongdoings and kept things running as they were without intervention.The above discussion has been done based on the secondary data available. However, effort has been put to discuss the same in light of the related theories in academia. Adding to the above discussion, a detailed analysis would be carried out to show the effect of the crisis on its various stakeholders. In Human Resource Management, human beings are assumed as the most significant summation within an organization. The discussion has been provided to provide an insight as how this crisis affected its most significant assets. At the end a conclusion has been inferred from the entire analysis and discussion.The butt of this research paper is to come to understand how this business and accounting fraud took place and how the government and other concerned parties missed on this for

Qatar Airways Market Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Qatar Airways Market Research - Essay ExampleQatar Airways is a reasonably recent provincial air passage company that is heading toward becoming an international brand. It has insistently moved in the direction of accomplishing its growth strategy objectives. This has been possible to a certain extent delinquent to growing brand acknowledgment as well as awareness. Qatar Airways had generated brand awareness by means of many conduits, for instance advertising via print media, radio, television, and the internet. This had helped the respiratory tract company in presenting its image in a range of formats. The image of Qatar Airline that has been built by its initiatives is that of a progressive and premium airline that provides pocket and outstanding customer service. The company endorses customary Arabic hospitality at the same time as embracing the attributes of other cultures. This can be tacit from the mix of employees that are on board of the airline, who come from a diverse r ange of backgrounds (Qatar Airways, 2012). In the year 2011, Qatar Airways attained a landmark by finish 100 destinations in its international route map. The Qatar Airways was also named the Airline of the Year 2011 at the yearly Skytrax World Airline Awards. It was observed that more than 18 jillion travelers across the world casted their votes for the Airline (Qatar Airways, 2012)... Domain Analysis In the present times, the airline effort is distinguished by an unstable, aggressively competitive and deregulated atmosphere. The existence of much(prenominal) a competitive atmosphere had transformed the business strategies and management practices in the domestic as well as the global airline business. Owing to go up customer awareness and customer expectations in addition intense rivalry amongst the various players in the airline business, the major challenge of the airline companies is to discover new(a) approaches to accomplish sustained profitability by means of more effic ient management tools and enhanced customer service. The airline companies across the world face evidentiary amount of challenges to maintain and live up to their passengers expectations, opposition from new airways, rising passenger traffic, latest types of coalitions and associations across organizations as well as across borders, in addition to the necessity to provide exceptional safety and security to their passengers (Stanford University, n.d.). Market Analysis One of the most significant developments in the airlines industry during the eighties was the privatization of the government owned airways. However, as of early 2000, a large number of global airlines companies were still majority government owned (Stanford University, n.d.). Owing to the deregulating in the United States, the airline business became more and more concentrated. More concentration in the airline industry has been observed in the European neck of the woods as well. In the last decade, the innovative l ow-cost value-based airways have emerged strongly. Simultaneously, during the same period, one had observed consolidation in the full-service airways as well.

Summarizing and explaining the data Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Summarizing and explaining the data - Essay ExampleI resembled too with my relegate males in extroversion but three points above the females of my class. It gave the thought that female class students were lesser aware of the outer social environment than the males who had greater adaptability to intimate with the outer environment. However, the heaps in quirkiness declared solely students the same. They had similar levels of oddity attached to their minds and personalities. In aspects of conscientiousness and agree-ability, my classmates were three points below than me. Above all, my get ahead in these important aspects were closer to the national students averages (Sharma).In comparative degree analysis, the next step is to compare results with respect to gender. The results articulate that the scores are almost the similar of class males and of the national male students altogether. A slightest difference is in the openness factor where the class males are slightly above (two points above) than the national male students. Similarly, the scores of our class females are almost the same to the national scores of females. A slightest difference is in the extroversion factor where class females are two points below than the national females. The results assert that class males are more broad-minded than national males and class females are less extroverted than national females. This is the only major projection of difference found in the scores, a difference which is overly identified in the average curve graph. Moreover, the results depict that class males are more extroverted than national males, which is another noticing factor. Overall, the average scores of class males and class females stand out the same-close to each other, which shows that there is no such significant difference found in scores with respect to gender. Furthermore, the results depicted high scores in agreeability and low scores in quirkiness with respect

The expression of human feelings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The expression of human feelings - Essay ExampleWithout rejecting the role of violent films and readings in the growth of aggressive behaviour, Jones notes that for children the involvement in - imaginary - violent activities is rather beneficial than catastrophic under the terms highlighted in the particular condition. The views of Jones on the potential benefits of violence for the psychology of children are presented to the public using a specific methodology the extensive conjure upence to the sources personal experiences in various forms and dates, from his childishness up today in witness to the issue under discussion. More specifically, in the beginning of the article, reference is made to the writers personal experiences in his childhood and emphasis is given on the fact that Marvel comics particularly Hulk helped the writer to face his fears for socializing and taking initiatives. In the writers adulthood, Marvel comics, helped him to make an appropriate choice in terms of profession and become a writer moreover, it is noted that the reading of comics with violent scenes helped the writers son to overcome his fear for getting involved in risky games (such as the climbing of a tree). Furthermore, Jones refers to the views of Melanie Moore, a psychologist who has worked in the specific field the writer also describes the findings of the research he made himself having worked with children who faced behavioural problems. The methodology used by Jones regarding the presentation and the support of his views can be characterized as effective, having the reinforcement of the personal testimony on the issues involved. However, the writer does not refer to relevant findings of the literature meaning the findings of the empirical research developed by researchers in regard to the specific issue no reference is made to statistics or to the studies of academic researchers on the particular subject. Moreover, it could be argued that the interpreta tion of the findings of his research is influenced by his personal perceptions especially his personal experiences, as described in the introductory paragraphs of his article. At this point, the credibility of the research of Jones could be doubted. In this context, it could be argued that Jones has not achieved to persuade the readers on the rigourousness of the views promoted through his article referring especially to the potential existence of benefits from offering to the children access to readings and scenes that promote violence. The above view is further analyzed below. At this point, the ideas promoted through the article of Jones should be criticized and evaluated. The use of violent readings (comics, books and so on) or of films/ games which include violent scenes as a tool for helping the natural aggression of children to be expressed should be re-considered. The findings of relevant research provided by Jones may lead to the assumption that such practice is effecti ve for controlling the anger of children, however it is not guaranteed that the diametral results can be avoided. Moreover, each child has different perceptions on the notion of peace and violence being influenced by the conditions in the family environment. The provision of access to the children to readings and games that refer to violent scenes could negatively

Religion and Americas Founding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Religion and Americas Founding - Essay ExampleThings have greatly metamorphosed from how they were in the past. It is true that the Founding fathers were truthfully religious Christians. They did not only read the password, but also lived by it. Their children were also given scriptural names, and intimately of their communities were given names after the cities in the Holy land. The Christian Americans of the eighteenth century saw their rise and development in religious and mostly Biblical terms. Nevertheless, in the declaration of independence, they appealed to God as the creator, the highest judge of the whole world and the divine providence for legality and protection. In the Constitution of the United States of America, we find that thither is nothing like separation of the church and the state. The separation of the church and the states purpose was not to create license from religion, but creation of freedom for religion (Rauchut 4-21). One book that was taken seriously by the Founding Fathers is the Holy Bible. The people of America have always been considering themselves as a Christian state, embracing all religions, as long as they all they all agreed with the traditional Christian-Judeo principles as they are stipulated in the Holy Bible. Even at present, up to about eighty-five percent of the people of America consider themselves Christians. ... It would also be to the shock of the Founding fathers to realize that their descendants, whereas preaching to the Christians who are Bible believing, are following a scheme that is dreamed up by the republic of Saudi Arabia, a nation that is aggressive against the Jews and Christians, as well as the Western Civilization. I believe the modern or present-day demands of the world have led to the separation of the church and state. This is because the world is currently considered to be a rotten place and the church cannot single-handedly clear up the mess. There are several things that happen in the world to day such as terrorism that are not supported by the church however, it cannot offer an appropriate solution, which makes it difficult for the church to be involved in such matters. engagement terrorism requires an intensive fight with the suspected perpetrators, which leads to several deaths, and this cannot be supported b the church (Rauchut 6-19). Does morality depend on any Gods existence? I believe there is no apparent reason as to why people should believe a thing like that. If we actually believe in the presence of a God, even one that has most of the theism, philosophical and classicalisms traditional qualities, then there are no specific moral determine that can be derived from that premise. One major complaint regarding the issue of secularism is that belief in God and religion are the fundamentals of morality, a democratic ball club and justice. Here, the fundamental premise is that the only values that eventually matter are those that are inspirational, and they can on ly be understood and perceived via connection or relationship with divine and religious tradition. Religious and different kinds of theism have literally had decades of years

Talent Management in CDG a Boeing Company Essay

Talent focusing in CDG a Boeing Company - Essay ExampleThe researcher states that organizations ar currently embracing Talent Management as a tool of attaining organizations goals and objectives. As such, Talent Management aids in attaining competitive advantage of organizations through production, rundown of market value, and organization effectiveness. According to Rog, Talent Management is a significant factor, which determines the ability of the organization to acquire and retain essential talent successfully. Moreover, Talent Management in an organization establishes the extent of employee engagement in performance of various organization activities. Companies face workforce cost in the overall running of their argument operations. As such, an effective analysis of the processes of recruiting and hiring employees provide insights and visibility of areas, which a company needs to improve. This is because maintenance of employees who have the capacity and potential to perform leads to improvement in the performance level of the company. According to Peter, companies have discovered that having the best talent enables them to have a competitive advantage in the global economy. Currently, there are few companies, which have a sufficient supply of talent. This depicts that talent has become a limited resource, which companies have to focus on managing effectively in fix up to attain success in their performance levels. Continental Data Graphics (CDG) a Boeing Company belongs to the aviation industry since the company deals with the provision of software and applied science solutions for defence and aerospace industries. As such, the company needs to have an effective Talent Management structure, which will enhance in attainment of competitive advantage. Bent (2011) argues that professionals at bottom the aviation industry are declining substantially. This depicts that CDG Company needs to adopt an effective Talent Management strategy, which will enhance in attainment of success of the company. Sean and Kleiner (1999) postulates that benefits and compensation, phylogeny and training, and provision of incentives, which include medical coverage, are some of the needs of employees, which Talent Management in a company has to focus on satisfying. Therefore, this research will focus on identifying and evaluating the process of Talent Management in CDG Company. Further, the research will identify how CDG Company performs in the market of labour shortage imputable to various labour dynamics. 1.3 Research Objectives This research is governed by the following objectives 1) To define Talent Management and Talent 2) To hold forth the process of Talent Management 3) To discuss the advantages and disadvantages of Talent Management 4) To describe the current Talent Management Strategy of Boeing Company 5) To identify employees perceptions of Talent Management at Boeing Company 6) To volunteer improvement to Boeing Company current Talent Manag ement Strategy 1.4 Research Questions This research is governed by the following research questions, which will aid in attaining objectives and suggest of the research. 1) What is Talent Management

Creating a Structured Lesson Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Creating a Structured Lesson Plan - Assignment ExampleThis would include knowledge of the theories of acquisition of second phrase and the characteristic of the learner (Skowron, 2010). It helps the instructor to bring his or her own sense of learning and teaching into the classroom.When creating the lesson plan, the teacher must consider the students background, lesson objectives, and the skills to be taught, the resources to use in teaching, the activities, the time constraint, and the connection between the previous as well as forthcoming lessons. The teacher should adhere to requirement of competency and the produce standards that the lesson will be addressing. The teacher should note what was covered in prior lessons and what the student need to learn in the next lesson (Hensworth, 2011). This should include the goal and objectives of the lesson.The teacher should plan the seating arrangement for the student to allow effective teaching or instructing to students. The teacher may consider mixing up the talkative and smooth students to ensure that there to ensure maximum engagement and cooperation.The tutor should anticipate where the lesson might break down. The instructor should have forethoughts and have probable solutions to make them more comfortable and confident as they teach. Finally, the lesson plan should have a section left for comments at the end of each experience (Wolfe,

Best war ever Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Best fight ever - Essay ExampleHow to make this Planet Earth heaven-like? The answer is ingenuous and straightforward. Eyes full of understanding, hearts full of love and the life that refuses conflicts-enough, these alone are enough that when the war is declared, the objective of the country involved in the war, is to win the war, no matter how it wins The advanced technology was brut bothy used in World War II, and it served very well, the ultimate purpose of any warto win the war, to end the war and to secure peaceThe main objective of the war-related technology is to win the war with minimum casualties. Technologically, America was superior on all counts than its enemies in war. It helped to contain and defeat its foremost foeman, lacquer. To start with, Japans naval technology and fighting methods, innovative in the beginning-stages of the war, quickly lagged behind the Allies. Japan lost naval air-battles because its ships and planes did not have the radar.(Adams, p.62)Air -power dominated during II World War. There was not much difference in their roles like reconnaissance, bombers, fighters and ground-support though each area was technologically far advanced. Some additional roles were seen for the aircrafts in WW II. Airlift the fighting forces and move quickly high-priority supplies, strategic bombing, targeted bombing of the civilian areas to hamper enemy industrial production and inflict casualties to destroy the morale.At the beginning of the war aeronautical warfare played limited role and little success was achieved. But actions at Pearl Harbor, the South China Sea, Taranto, and the Coral Sea changed the complexion of the war. America had the decided advantage in technology. For many, including a majority of survivors from the era, the war old age have become Americas golden age, a peak in the life of society when everything worked out and the good guys

Seated buddha in meditation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Seated buddha in meditation - Essay ExampleCurrently, Buddhism is widespread in India, China, Korea, and Japan. The sculptures of Buddha describe the non-homogeneous positions and activities practiced in Buddhism during worship. These positions include meditation, praying and activities such as offering sacrifices and protection.Buddha seated in meditation, is one of the Indian gods created by the Sri Lankan artists. It is one of the art products of the sixteenth-century. The figure sits on a lotus-vine pedestal, deep in meditation. The body contains several lakshana, numerous auspicious marks that are a sign of his Buddhahood. The sculpture has thirty two egregious marks referred to as mahapurusalakshana. There are also eighty lesser marks such as the forehead mark (urna) and the flame protuberance (ushnisha). early(a) marks in the meditating Buddha are contained in the extended earlobes, locks of hair and the lotus marks on the detention and feet. The sculpture has a height of 4 8.7 centimeters, width of 36 centimeters, and a diameter of 20 centimeters. The figure is displayed in a glass case placed directly on the museum floor. The front end of the case contains bluff glass that gives a clear view of the sculpture. The sides of the case are made of brownish concrete for protecting the sculpture. The interior of the case is white in color, which creates a high contrast with the copper sculpture.Buddha started Buddhism, a religion practiced in India, Sri Lanka, and other parts of Asia. The work is made for the Buddhist followers where meditation is the 7th step in the eight fold path. The eight fold path contains the teachings that guide Buddhists through their faith in order to experience peace in this world and the afterlife. The sculpture is seated in a lotus position, which is the recommended position during meditation. The meditating Buddha is seated in a lotus position with the feet resting on the opposite thigh. The hands are loosely placed

Folk Songs of the Han Essay Example for Free

category Songs of the Han EssayIntroduction Of the one billion pot in China, over 93% belong to the Han nationality. Consequently,the Chinese cultureto which nigh scholarsrefer is usu eveningry last(predicate)y the Han culture. However, within the Han Chinese culturethere atomic number 18 differences in custom, dialect, etc. , due to historical events and geographical conditions. Chinese ethnomusicologists in recent years read developed the study of Han Chinese syndicate melodious lines based upon geographic factors and have labelled this study medical specialty Geography. According to Miao Jing and Qiao Jianzhong, two grown ethnomusicologists advocating this new approach,there atomic number 18 as military some(prenominal) as eleven culture argonas (which they call similarcolor areas)of Han Chinese folk poems (1987 58-61) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) P northeastern lain P Northwestern lain JiangHuai Plateau(northern iangsuand northern nhui) J A Zhe Plain (sout hernJiangsu,southernAnhui, Zhejiang) Jiang Min Tai (FujianandTaiwan) Yue (Guangdong) JiangHan Plain (Hubei, southernHenan) Xiang (Hunan) Gan (Jiangxi) Southwestern lateau P Kejia (Hakkapeople of variousplaces). With the exception of the last-namedgroup (which is a widely-distri entirelyed a sub-culture) ll the higher up divisions arebased upon geographicfactors. In the broadergeographicview, the Han Chinese culture may also be divided into northernand southernstyles, each of which is associated with one of the two majorrivers of China,the HuangHe (Yellow River) of This marrow downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 fault 2013 202102 PM tout ensemble habit slip to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 108 Asian Music, abjure/Summer 989 1 the north and the Chang Jiang (Long River, also known as the Yangzi River) of the south.It is ordinarily assumedthatthe HuangHe basin is the cradleof Chinesecivilization. However,recentstudies (such as Miao 1988 1) indicatethatotherriver basin s have contributed qually to the shapingof e Chinese civilization. Among them is the ChangJiangbasin, which is early t certainlyof equal importance o the HuangHe. Anothersystem for classifying folk songs is by type, of which haozi (worksongs), shange (mountainsongs), and xiaodiao (lyric songs) dominate. I propose to taste both systems, in sequence, in order to obtain as wide a perspectiveas possible on Han folk songs.Differences between Northern and Southern Folk Songs To the thinking of Miao Jing and Qiao Jianzhong (1987 59), the division of Han Chinese folk songs into northern and southern styles follows other aspects of Chinese culture coterminously. In this division, environmentis seen as playing a signifi puketrole. The HuangHe basin is a cold, dry and windy areawhere the main agricultural roductis wheat. The p lower basin is frequently flooded. The rugged, intense and disjunct characteristicsof the folk songs can be explained by the realities of liveness on the basin. The C hang Jiangbasin, on the other hand, has mild weatherand much rain.Rice is the main agriculturalproduct. Life is easier for these people and, therefore,the folk songs of this region t closedown to be more lyrical, quench and conjunct. on that point are many rain-evokingsongs in the Huang He area, but there are none in the Chang Jiang area because there is adequate rain for the crops. As a second geographicaspect, local custom are also importantin the formation of folk songs. For instance, in ancient times, people of the Chang Jiang were spirit worshippers. There are pacify many funeral songs preserved, such as beatingthe corpsesongs, piety songs, and gongs and drumsof Hell. However, in the HuangHe area,it is not the custom to sing when a man dies and funeral songs are absent (Miao 1988 5-10). Thus, o both environmentand tradition determinethe functionandcharacteristics f folk songs. The following is a summary of Han Chinese folk song d characteristicsbased upon their northern-so uthern ivisions. It should be This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 invalidate 2013 202102 PM all(prenominal) use capacity to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Han Kuo-Huang Han Folk Songs 109 noted that near of these features apply primarily to the xiaodiao (lyric songs),one of the threetypes mentionedabove.Scales and Modes. In general, the Huang He area uses all 7-tone or 6-tone scales. The most popularmodes are the zhi (sol-re), followed in order by shang (re-la), gong (do-sol) and yu (la-mi). (See Appendix for explanation of modes. ) However, in the middle and upper basins of the Huang He area, the shang mode is particularlyfavored. The ChangJiang area,on the otherhand, most commonly uses 5-tone or 4-tone scales. The most popularmode is also the zhi, followed in orderby gong, yu, shang, and jiao. The yu mode is oddly popular in Yunnan province. Melodic Progression.The channel of the Huang He area slopes to be more angularthan others in shape and moves in di sjunct movement. One characteristic f the intervallicemphasis,especially in the o upper Huang He basin, is the 4th-2nd-4th progression, such as gl-c2-gl. This is colligateto the accentof the dialect (Du 1983 68). The tessituraof all folk songs of this northernarea tends to be high. Melody in the Chang Jiang areatends to be smooth and curvedin shape, and moves in relatively conjunctmotion. The consecutive use of 3rds and 5ths is frequent. When there is a skip larger than a 5th, the melody returnsimmediately in the opposite direction.For example when el jumps to c2, it turns back downwardto al, or passes throughbl to al (Jiang 1983 77). The tessitura of the folk songs of this areatends to be in the medium kitchen stove. Musical Form, Strophic form is common to most Han Chinese folk songs belonging to the shange and xiaodiao categories, but the use of refrain is not as prominent as in the Western world. In the Huang He area, xiaodiao usually have four phrases while shange are of two p hrases. Phrases are normally of equal length. In the e four-phrasestructure, ach phraseor each half phraseis usually hardening to septenary lyric.In the Chang Jiang area, both lyric songs and mountainsongs use a four-phrasestructure, gain with phrasesof equal length. In the lyric a song type, each phrase,or half phrase,is usually set to basketball team words. In the deterrent example of the four-phrasestructure, elodies follow the typical m old sequence qi (opening), cheng (inheriting), zhuan (turning), and he (closing), which is an organizational concept borrowed from Chinese This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 202102 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 110 Asian Music, Spring/Summer 989 1 literature.The qi phrase presents the first statementand the chen phrase complements it. The zhuan phrase marks a departurefrom the general movement of the previous phrases, and the he phraseconcludes the piece. This kind of structure s especially c lear in the xiaodiao of the lower Chang i Jiang basin. Of course, this form is very generaland thereare exceptions. a recitation 1, Xiu Hebao (Embroidering Pouch), is a love song from northern Shanxi province (Zhongguo Minge Xuan 1980 217). It represents the northernstyle of folk song. The words are about a young girl thinking of her lover while embroidering a pouch for him.(Embroidered pouches were a popular handicraft for women in coarse China. ) The scale of this piece is pentatonicand the mode is shang, dI (re) being the final. The appearanceof d2-g2 (m. 1), d2-g2 (m. 2-3), g2-d2 (m. 3), al-d2_g2-d2 (m. 5-6), and gl-c2 (m. 6-7) are clear examples of the emphases on the interval of a 4th, a typical feature of northernfolk song. Consequently, the melodic chassis tends to be angular. The form is strophic in two-phrases, each phrase having four measures. There are generally five words to each half phrase, except for occasional shortly additions,such as at the beginningof the sec ond phrase(m.5-6).Vocables are enclosed in parentheses. The ending notes on half phrases, d2 (m. 2) and gl (m. 6) , the half cadence of gl (m. 4), and cadence of d1 (m. 8) give the piece a solid feeling in the shangmode. Example 2, Meng Jiang Nil (The Eldest Daughter of the Jiang Family), on the other hand, shows typical features of the southern style (ZhongguoMingeXuan 1980 155). The melody of this extremelypopular folk song is found in many part of China, though often with different texts. The text given here is from the best-known version of Jiangsu province (lower Chang Jiang basin).The subject is a lament of the eldest daughterof the Jiang family for her husbandwho was draftedby the Qin Emperor(reigned 221-210 B. C. ) to build the GreatWall. The scale of the piece is pentatonicand the mode is zhi, the final being b (sol). The melody moves generally in a smooth contour utilizing essentially step-wise movement. Consequently,with the exception of m. 5 and m. 6, the general tenden cy of the melody is gently curved ratherthan angular. The form is a typical four-phrasestrophic structure,each phrase having two measures. These four phrasesfollow the qi, cheng, zhuan, and he sequence mentioned above.This is especially clear at the phrase This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 202102 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Han Kuo-Huang Han Folk Songs Example1 Xiu Hebao 111 (Shanxiprovince) r36 rIs ML i -s. t If ,. . .E eu3 i M a? L. i * _k A5 I R r w oA M. I Zf, T t. it ME a t ge- ?18 g ai i jjM. 9 7k ,4 4t I )a i -) . Al. A aAl Y. Y L . + ID I*. . . 1. When the moon is high and bright,fifteenthis the day And when the springwind blows willows will swing and sway. 2. Blossoms bloom in March,a lettercomes to me. It was from my only love, asking for a pouch made by me.3. FirstI embroidered little gravy holder with a sail to see. a And if he sees the sail, hell come sailing to me. 4. Then I embroidered ome love birdsthey sw am all over the sea. s They stayedtogetherandwere as close as could be. 5. He is young and strongIm like a blossoming flower. And when he finds the pouch, hell come back for me. a (Text translated nd adapted y RebeccaSchwan) b This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 202102 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 112 1 Asian Music, Spring/Summer 989 Example2 Meng Jiang Nii (Jiangsuprovince) SIr tr =I I i Li7T i4 *. .. iE ,- A =. F 6. t MY Ii , * -lI* f A, 0 1- A r. -tx A ). L 5? .- , p r, 1 bC? il * wAaa o . 0 I i. ti. ?T 1 1 fF tt ff t. t i ii Bi i t n n ? N g 7t i E P m * 0 at t , 5 4 *. 1 w . a h t,o. r. /4 i t R . OE ( 1 . momI I mEI . I W IKE u a3R a S T,ir9-k ARcF. t Ar T ) f UT 5 3L ok p * ? B 1 iC f t , _ I 7( * ( * r i J+ . 1 E , I A 4 ffIBR * rK tAf tI. a . n ai . P -A rL f e p- C _. . * a. , PQ kfr t. . Ik a Es a a , . a it n I _ i ol i 11 4 21t,. . I. 1. plumb flowers at saucily Year bringNew Spring, Red lamps ar e lit at every door.Everyfamily is complete. But my own husbandhas gone to build the wall. 12. it Plum flowers again appearat eve of New Year. g Every home has abundant ood cheer. All preparefor the feast fatedpork andmutton. Meng ChiangNii all just weeps in bitterness. (Text translated y Bliss WiantandtakenfromWiant 1947 37). b This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 202102 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Han Kuo-Huang Han Folk Songs 113 cadences of f (m. 2), b (m. 4), c1 (m. 6) and b (m. 8). B (sol) and f (re) are the most importanttones of the mode. There are xii stanzas.Each half phraseis set to 7 words. The text of each stanzabegins with the name of a month. This is a typical featureof xiaodiao, as we shall see laterin the descriptionof this genre. Classification of Folk Song by Type Most Chinese ethnomusicologists (such as Jiang 1982 passim) follow a three-fold miscellanea system for Han Chinese folk songs namely haozi (work son gs), shange (mountainsongs), and xiaodiao (lyric songs). Each type may furtherbe divided into sub-types. Haozi (Work Songs) The Chinese name for this category, haozi, means countersigning or a shouting, n indicationof its origins in labor.The functionof this type of is to accompanywork or to relieve hardshipduringwork. Most work song songs feature strong rhythms, and for each a basic rhythmic pattern underlies the completed piece. This is true of the work songs of any people in the world. Melodic materialis ratherlimited and ostinato used frequently. Work songs are exclusively vocal and the consecrateis normallywide. Texts are not organized in any established poetic form and there are numerous vocables used. Solo, unison, duet and call-and-response are typical mannersof performanceaccording to specific working conditions. There are five sub-typesof work songs 1.Transporting Songs. This sub-type refers to songs interpret by laborers who carry, drag, or push a heavy load. Due to t he extreme a physical requirements ssociatedwith these activities, most of the songs are short and sung in loud voices. Example3 is the beginningof a transporting song from Hangzhouin Zhejiangprovince. It is sung by portersin the style of call (m. 1, 3, 5, ) and response (m. 2, 4, 6, ). The scale is pentatonicand the rangewithin one octave. The mode appearsto be yu (lami). 1 This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 202102 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions.114 Asian Music, Spring/Summer 989 1 Example3 UntitledTransporting ong S call (Zhejiangprovince) etc. re LpqAQ 4 4? _c etc. 0 2. ConstructionSongs. This sub-type is sung when workers are building a house or road, digging a canal, gatheringstones, cutting wood, hammering a pole, etc. It requires unified rhythms because of the group action involved in working, and is also often sung in call-and-response style. The vocal range is usually wide. Example 4 is a dike-buildingsong from Hubei prov ince sung in call (m. 1-2, 5-6) and response (m. 3-4, 7-) (Jiang 1982 73). 2 The melody is pentatonic in the zhi mode (sol-re). note of hand the wide range in the first measure. The vocables are shown in parentheses. Example4 Dae Ge, Dike-buildingSong (Hubeiprovince) res b ,-_ -, s . , t l Ii. twit o I C),v0 IL i4.? t ( Pomegranates ai) blossom (lie) (ya wei yi a ye a ye), Leaves are green (lie ya a ye), (a ye a ye ye a ye), Leaves are green (ye a a ye). (Translated y the author) b This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 202102 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1? Vj iC) Han Kuo-Huang Han Folk Songs 115 3. FarmingSongs. not all farmingactivitiesrequiresinging.The sub-typereferredto here admits group-activitysongs sung while pumping water, threshing grain, etc. Since the physical burdenis lighter than that associated with previous sub-types, the songs take on a character of entertainment. In fact, about farming songs are close to the sh ange category. Example 5 is a water-pumping song from Jiangsu province (Jiang 1982 76). It is in pentatonic scale, shang mode (re-la). The vocables (shown in parentheses) are more prominent than the text. The mood is light, and the entertainingnatureof the song includes the use of a percussioninterlude(m.11-12).Example5 ShuicheHaozi, Water-pumping ong s -WWI k, I.. .. . _. -P- br. . (Jiangsuprovince) (Ai ya ha ai ya ai he he ai ai ya) Xue Rengui (ya) sails the seas conquering(yo de) the East (a ai ya li he). (Translated y the author) b 4. Sailing and Fishing Songs. Sailing and fishing songs are more complicated in form and content than the above sub-types. In the sailing sub-type, working conditions change according to water currents and weather conditions the music changes accordingly. Many songs are constructed in suite style (i. e. , multi-sectional) which are long and elaborate.Call-and-responses a frequently-used echnique. i t 5. Miscellaneous Songs. Work songs which do not b elong to the above sub-typesare includedhere. They can be sung by workersin the salt This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 202102 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 116 1 Asian Music, Spring/Summer 989 field, by woodcutters, and by weavers, etc. The characteristicsof their songs vary accordingto each type of work. Shange (Mountain Songs) The term shange (mountainsongs) does not mean thatthe songs are necessarily sung in the mountains.The term should be understoodto mean songs sung in an open area, which may be near a mountainor in an open field. Some shange are sung while working, but the associated physical requirementis usually minimal. Thus, they are not included in the haozi category. Examples of these work songs are herding songs and field songs. These will be mentionedlater. In general,shange are resignrin rhythmand higherin pitch thanhaozi or xiaodiao. Texts are improvisedto a great(p) extent. Vocables and falsetto a are used freq uentlywhich, along with the precedingtwo characteristics, re due mostly to the outdoor environment in which they are sung.Shange may begin and end with a high and long fermata,developed from shouting to get attentionin the outdoorenvironment. The alternating tyle of singing s is a favoritemethodsince many shangeinvolve love themes sung between a man and a woman. The musical form of shange can be in two, four, or even five phrases with insertions of extra sections in the set structurebeing frequent due to its improvisednature. There are three sub-typesof shange general, herdingand field songs. 1. General Songs. Most songs which belong to this sub-type are lyrical songs with a love subject, and are expressive of the singers thoughts.They are not related to working conditions. There are more shange in this category than the other two sub-types. General moutain songs can be found in many parts of China and are identified by different label. Those found in the Northwest and North ( i. e . , Upper and Central Huang He basin) have special names such as xintianyou (sing as you like),pashan diao (climbmountaintune),huaer (flower song)those found in the south (i. e. , Chang Jiang basin and Taiwan) are simply called shange. This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 202102 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions.Han Kuo-Huang Han Folk Songs 117 Example 6, Lan Huahua, is a xintianyou shange from the northern of Shaanxiprovinceand is one of the most famous of northern hinese C part songs. The text mentions the unhappy marriage arrangements of the peasant girl, Lan Huahua,in plainChina. The melody is pentatonic,in the yu mode and the structureis in two phrases, both ending on gl (la). The high cry in the beginning, notated as a high-pitched fermatain m. 2, is a typical feature of the shange. The tessitura is generally high and the direction of the melody at the end moves from high to low.This song is lyrical in nature,with a rhythmthat is freer, when sung, than the notation indicates (ZhongguoMinge Xuan 1980 168). Example 7, Ge Youmai (Wheat Cutting), is a shange from Shaanxi province in northernChina. This is a good example of the use of insertions in shange. In its original form, it is a simple two-phrasepiece, with each phrasehaving four measures(7-a). Due to the insertions(7-b, m. 3-4, 8-11)and slight alterations(7-b, m. 2, 13), it is expandedinto a longer piece, but is still in two phrases (Jiang 1982 128-129). The piece is pentatonic in zhi mode.Its generally high tessitura, conjunct melodic movement, and emphasison the intervalof a 4th (7-b, m. 1, 7) are typical of the northernstyle. The fermatain m. 1 is also a featureof the shange, and the entire piece has several(prenominal) others as well. There are suggestions of a love theme in the text. This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 202102 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 118 Asian Music, Spring/Summer 989 1 Example6 Lan Huahua (Shaanxiprovince) _ F- 1 F. a l * . Ti i . _ E 7E* 1 1 rF s f, IA in,* J o 1f1 A 7ft . 1, I .. N. .. 5. f *E T op/ . iv . T t x m. 1 1-1 i 4v IT I X. AI a A I E T1 4. IT La t +Ix *. * *m , m ji 8 114 , 1In 1f f , LI . r.. q I. 00 _i __ MR -MI , PSI $ 1. Threadsof black and threadsof blue, bluerthanthe sky. Sewed for baby Lan Huahua,apple of her motherseye. 2. Shooting up like the sorghumtall, beautybringsher fame. In every village in the land, everybodyknows her name. 3. New Year broughtthe matchmaker, ixed the bridegrooms f price. After the paymentsmade in March,in April shellbecome his wife. 4. Wedding music fills the air, drumsand whistles sound. She is tornfrom her own truelove andcarriedto the Zhou compound.(English text from Mai 1984 19-20, first four verses) This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 202102 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Han Kuo-Huang Han Folk Songs Example7 Ge Youmai 119 (Shanxiprovince) 7-a IF I r AZK r I3 W I / ((I*I 41 IUp r a I 1117RR I .16 v U114 7. i r I a (-Ia. I ) *2I. II 7-a Brotheris cuttingwheatin the mountain. Sister is digging herbmedicine in the swamp. 7-b Brotheris up in the mountain(si lo) (si lo) cuttingwheat. Little sisteris in the swamp,in the ditch, at the divergingroad (ge beng) (ge beng) digging the herbmedicine (a mo) beloved.(Translated y the author) b 2. Herding Songs. Herding songs are sung mainly by boys in the field. Some include passages which call the herds, while working others are sung in question-answerstyle between two boys. Most herding songs are simple and free in structure. In fact, some are very simple childrens songs. 3. Field Songs. Songs which belong to this sub-type are sung in the rice fields while plantingseeds, work soil, etc. , to promote enthusiasm andrelease tension. It is said thatat one time specializedtroupeswere hired to sing in the fields (Jiang 1982 162). However, since these songs are not.This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 202102 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 120 Asian Music, Spring/Summer 989 1 restrictedby working conditions and are fairly entertainingin nature, they are not considered to be haozi and some fit more closely into the xiaodiao category. Field songs are sung in a high voice, often with falsetto. The melodies tend to be long and the rhythmsfree, which are typical featuresof shange. However, the natureof the field songs is more complex because they are sung in call-and-responsewith ostinato, which are features of the haozi.As Jiang Mingdun states, field songs are basedon the shange but mixed with elements of haozi and xiaodiao( 1982 164). Xiaodiao (Lyric Songs) Xiaodiao (or xiaoqu ) means little tune. There is no acccurate translationfor this term, though it can be translatedas popular song, folk tune, folk song, lyric song, folk melody, etc. (Witzleben 1988 11. ). Comparedto the above-mentionedgenres, the melody of xiaodiao is more r lyrical, the rhythmmore static,and the formalstructure elativelyclear. The text is not improvised as it is in the haozi or shange, and vocables, if used, i areintegrated nto the text.One source (Sung 1979 201-245) divides xiaodiao into the following sub-types lyric songs, humorous songs, childrens songs and customs songs, (i. e. , songs sung at weddings, funerals, etc. ). However, since this paper follows the outline of Jiang Mingduns book, his subdivision system is used. 1. Narrative Songs. The Chinese name for this sub-type, means narrative inging tune. This group includes songs yinchang diao, s that are somewhatfunctionalin nature. The generalorientationis narrative as opposed to lyrical ( i. e. , closer to the spoken language), and their structures are also comparatively less complex.Examples include childrens songs, lullabies, funeral songs, recitation of poems, vendors songs and customs songs, etc. 3 The Chinese term of this sub-type, yaoqu is 2. Little Songs. difficult to translate. Yaoalone means songhowever, the translation here simply denotes its short length and simple structure. These are songs sung in daily life, but they are not as directly associated with specific This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 202102 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Han Kuo-Huang Han Folk Songs 121 functions as are the narrative ongs.Phrasesare more balancedin structure s but are nevertheless short. The vocal range is narrow and the rhythm simple. Examples include laborers songs, womens laments, gameplaying songs, and even some love songs. Love songs, however, are usually assigned to the popularsong sub-typediscussed below. 3. PopularSongs. The Chinese term shidiao can be translatedas seasontune. Althoughthe translationpopular ongmay subvert people s to associate these songs with currentpop songs, it nevertheless denotes a sense of popularityamongpeople, and is useful. Songs of this sub-typeare a sung mainly for enter tainment t home, in teahouses, in cities, and in rural areas.The singers may be either amateursor professionals. All of the songs discussed until this point are sung by their creators. The popular song sub-type, on the other hand, is generally sung by entertainers. Instrumentalaccompanimentis added to these songs in most cases. Folk songs of this type are clearly the most numerous. Most of the folk songs known to the people of China (and throughoutthe world) belong to this sub-type. They are, in fact, considered to be at the heart of Han Chinese folk songs.The musical form of most popular songs follows the two or four equal phrase structure. In the case of the four-phrase structure,the qi, cheng, zhuan, and he sequenceis followed. Generally,each phraseis set to seven words, excluding vocables. Many popularsong texts are organized in sets of four, five or twelve stanzasin orderto representthe four seasons, five evening hour markings and the twelve months, respectively. Each stanza of text begins with a season, an hour marking,or a month. Due to the wide popularity of these songs, the same melody sometimes has different texts, and the same title may have differentmelodies.Two good examples of this sub-type have been presented above as examples of the northernand southernstyles Xiu Hebao (Example 1), and Meng Jiang Nii (Example 2). This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 202102 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 1 Asian Music, Spring/Summer 989 122 LiuyueMoli Example8 (Taiwan) k, A s i wIo 5 65 i 23 5. 6, . O T ii E TET ttft ktf k li A 1 i 5 61 I I I 2 I 3 / 2161 6I I , 6 i I 5 .23253-. 76i5-. iPM I 4 -4 T A AA AC 4 r t/JP) -A aK, Ifr. O A t f P-ai 04 9) v QA A 04 0 oqw 04) HF If) f b a) ? 1F A A -9x 4- A A Ai -.gqjg* P e f 1. Whitejasmine flowers of the one- 6th moon arefair, And theresa young lad whos noble and fine. Lovely flowers rarelyever grow all alone Fair lonely lass can be sad, so sad. 2. Whitejasmine flower s of the sixth Moon are fair, Lovely lass has never been found. Flowers andlasses shouldnever be alone Sad is the lovely lass whos never, never found. 3. Whitejasmine flowers of the sixth Moon are fair, Lasses alone are sorryand sad. Lovely flowers should be blooming side by side, When will the lass be found andnever be alone? a (Firstthreeverses translated nd adaptedby Rebecca Schwan. )This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 202102 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Han Kuo-Huang Han Folk Songs 123 Example 8, LiuyueMoli (JasmineFlowers in the Sixth Moon)is anothergood example of a popularsong. This piece is from Taiwan and is in the southern style (Jian 1984 50). The text speaks of a girl who compares herself to pretty jasmine flowers, and longs for a lover. The sixth moon refers to the sixth month of the lunar calendar. With the exception of a leap of a 6th (m. 2-3), the melody moves smoothly in conjunct movement with many intervalsof a 3r d.It is in pentatonicscale, zhi mode, the final being gl (sol). The form is in four equal phrases,each having four measures,and it fits the qi, cheng, zhuan,he sequence. The el (mi) pitch at the end of the thirdphraseis tonally far out from gl (sol) at the very end hence, its functionis zhuan(turning). he ending pitch of T the first phrase, d2 (re), on the other hand, is closely related to gl (sol). There are seven words in each half phrase, with some vocables at the end (shown in parentheses). Conclusion We have observed the possibility of seeing Han Chinese folk songs in terms of north-south divisions.From this perspective, it seems that geographicalfactors have influenced the characteristicsof folk songs. We have also seen the classification of folk songs by type, involving three majorcategories and their sub-types. It is importantto note thatwhile folk songs such as the xiaodiao (lyric songs) are encountered frequently in China, there are also haozi (work songs) and shange (mo untain songs) which are relatively unknown outside of China. It is hoped that this introductionwill lead to more thoroughinvestigationsof this subjectin the Westernworld. This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240.162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 202102 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 124 Asian Music, Spring/Summer 989 1 Notes 1 This song was transcribed y the authorfrom the recording, Behind b the GreatWall (MonitorRecordsMP 525), Side A, Band 2. The cut fades out graduallywithout a final pitch. It is only assumed to be in the yu mode from the general melodic movement. The same recordingfeatures several good work song examples and an excellent example of the sailing song subtype. 2 m Due to difficultiesin reproduction, usicalexamples takenfrom Jiang Mingdunsbook are recopied by the author.It seems contradictoryto include non-lyrical and functional songs here, but the author follows Jiangs theory. The same contradictory situationexists in the next sub-type. 3 This content do wnloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 202102 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Han Kuo-Huang Han Folk Songs 125 Appendix Scales and Modes of Han Chinese Music The Chinese names for pitches, scales and modes are summarized here accordingto the system establishedby Li Yinghai (1981 11). Since he discusses only pentatonic scales, other scales will be omitted. Pitches denote relative ratherthan absolute values.The first note of each series is the name of the mode. doorbell Gong Shang JiaoZhi Yu Gong Shang JiaoZhi n Shang n Jiao A -n vu1 U Q This content downloaded from 222. 126. 240. 162 on Wed, 27 Mar 2013 202102 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Yu 1 AsianMusic,Spring/Summer 989 126 Glossary of Selected Terms ChangJiang l pashandiao fR Lbi , qi cheng u GeYoumai shang gong shange Han shidiao haozi , he huaer xiaodiao T- j xiaoqu iU xintianyou HuangHe XiuHebao jiao yaoqu LanHuahua yinchangdiao t7 , M Liuyue oli MengJiangNii j t I0 yu zh i zhuan Authors Names Du Yaxiong MiaoJing Jia.