Marketing and PR Handout

Taking a Masters in Business Administration degree means that you need to understand each and every aspect of the organization you work in.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Knowledge in Marketing and PR will equip you with the essential tools to make your own business or organization survive the competition.   Below are my insights from taking Marketing and PR course:1. Brand equity, which is the position that a product or company holds in the minds of the consumers is primary to creating the character and personality of your product.2. Branding integrates the overall strategies of your company or brand – advertising, marketing programs, customer service, public relations (Ochman, n.d.).   Make sure you give your brand a consistent positioning approach.3. Marketing is not just about offering discounts on coupons or giving away prizes in raffles.   It is about integrating effective tools to communicate with your market.4. Four Ps of marketing stand for Product, Price, Place and Promotion.   These determine the direction of your product, and integrate your programs to ensure consistency and synergy in your efforts (Arens, W., 2005).5. Market penetration strategies determine the total market potential, then divide that potential by the amount of product that is already sold or purchased (Berry, T., 2007).   If not done right, you may end up picking yourself on the wrong side of the road, with unjustifiable expenses and wasted efforts.6. Rewarding your loyal customers is a powerful tool nowadays to keep them coming back (Marketing Tricks for the Frugal Budget, 2003).   This gives rise to Relationship Marketing, ensuring that everything from customer service to after-sales service is going smoothly (Arens, W., 2005).7. Use discounts and promos sparingly.   Otherwise, people may think that your product is not good enough because they are always on sale (Marketing Tricks for the Frugal Budget, 2003).8. In Public Relations, you need to take care of your image to the pu blic, and equally important, to the media.   Otherwise, you risk yourself of being cast in the shadows of darkness, because media create the buzz for your product or company.9. The media coverage that you get through recommendations of editors, write-ups in columns and mentions in press releases is more powerful than advertising.   Utilize this as often and as effective as you can.10. Advertising is an effective tool to promote your product, which is why it does not come cheap (Arens, W., 2005).   You have to make sure that you pick the right medium for your product to reach the right market.ReferencesArens, W.   (2005).   Contemporary Advertising.   McGraw Hill, pp. 325-328.Berry, T. (2007).   Market Penetration Opportunity.   Retrieved May 8, 2007.Marketing Tricks for the Frugal Budget.   (2003).   Retrieved May 8, 2007 from https://businesstown.com/articles/cheap-marketing-tricks-that-work/Ochman, B.L. (n.d.).   Branding:   The Most Misunderstood Word in M arketing.   Retrieved May 8, 2007.

Clausewitz in the 21st Century

Clausewitz lived in a time where battles were fought in columns and lines, with soldiers using muskets and solid-shot cannon; when states were the exclusive actors in war; when technological change occurred over decades, if not centuries. What relevance could his work therefore have for the strategic problems of the 21st century? Introduction Clausewitz was not a cookbook writer. He was not looking for hard and fast rules for conducting war, which he eschews.Indeed, Clausewitzian theories elaborated at different periods of time are in close conjunction with the prevalent political, strategic, and military context, which is completely consonant with Clausewitz’s original conception of his own work: ‘Theory should be study, not doctrine [†¦] It is an analytical investigation leading to a close acquaintance with the subject; applied to experience – in our case, to military history – it leads to thorough familiarity with it.The closer it comes to that goal , the more it proceeds from the objective form of a science to a subjective form of a skill, the more effective it will prove in areas where the nature of the case admits no arbiter but talent. ’ ‘Theory is meant to educate the mind of the future commander, or, more accurately, to guide him in his self-education, not to accompany him to the battlefield. ’ If ‘the absurd difference between theory and practice’ is to be ended, then the correspondence between theory and practice implies the correspondence between the military commander and military thinker.Therefore, ‘self-education’ is important and useful to the military thinker too. He must not be bounded by a single theory of war but with the means to develop his own ideas (objective knowledge of war), fuelled by his talent (subjective capacity and application). The phenomena of war are more diverse than ever: from terrorism to inter-state war, from information war to riots in rural are as, from air strikes to intifada. Loose networks of limited wars have replaced the expectation of a nuclear apocalypse that characterized the Cold War.The differences and contradictions between the various conclusions and corresponding analyses regarding a strategic situation are but a reflection of the variety of military conflicts and the diversity of perspectives from which these conflicts are observed. These perspectives depend on time, culture, and political context. This phenomenon has been analyzed through the concept of strategic culture, that is ‘a distinctive and lasting set of beliefs, values and habits regarding the threat and use of force, which have their roots in such fundamental influences as the geographical setting, history and political culture’.States (e. g. Americans, Europeans, Chinese, Iranians, Indians etc. ) tend to have different perspectives on strategic problems, and the reason for these divergences probably goes beyond the defense of short-t erm interests. The extremely heterogeneous situation of the phenomena of war is analyzed from very different lenses of different strategic cultures, and hence makes states’ theories of war difficult to critique. Moreover, it is difficult to validate the doctrines that reflect these different theories by the use of examples of operational success or failure.Therefore, the need for a theory-of-theories of war remains valid. An overarching theory of war will take into account the influence of the interaction between the thinker and his object and can form the framework required to analyze the strategic debate. Clausewitz thus continues to remain relevant to analyze strategic problems of the 21st century as he had developed a theory about the theory of war. Research ApproachClausewitz recognized that Napoleon had overreached himself and the theoretical significance that a consistent, single military strategy could have different historical outcomes. In his own realization  œ evident in his note of 1827 – that any theory of war had to accommodate two sorts of war: war to overthrow the enemy; and war that is the basis of negotiation with him. Four fundamental contrasts are emphasized between the early and later Clausewitz because they remain central to contemporary debates about his work: (1) The primacy of military force versus the primacy of politics. 2) Existential warfare, or rather warfare related to one’s own identity, which engaged Clausewitz most strongly in his early years, as against the instrumental view of war that prevails in his later work. (3) The pursuit of military success through unlimited violence embodying ‘the principle of destruction’, versus the primacy of limited war and the limitation of violence in war, which loomed increasingly large in Clausewitz’s later years. (4) The primacy of defense as the stronger form of war, versus the promise of decisive results that was embodied in the seizure of of fensive initiative.It is not the intent or purpose of this paper to summarize Clausewitz’s works, given its scope, or to challenge the assertions of specific anti-Clausewitz writers such as Martin van Crevald, John Keegan or even Alvin and Heidi Toffler. The paper will instead highlight the seeming unbounded-ness of war (or armed conflict) and violence in the twenty-first century, and propose a strategy of containment of war and violence. This will relate later Clausewitz’s concepts of war and politics to our current reality. At the outset, I will provide an analysis of Clausewitz’s concept of the nature of war.Additionally, given the research question’s implication that Clausewitz should be marooned due to his lack of regard for ‘non-state actors’ and that his writings were in a time of slow ‘technological change’, I will also demonstrate that Clausewitz was well-aware of the influence of non-state actors and their ability to wa ge war; and his thoughts has continued relevance in our time of rapid technological changes. The Nature of War For Clausewitz, war was likened to a chameleon, allowing for changes to its appearance, but suggesting that its underlying nature remains unchanged.The character of war has certainly changed or morphed since his time. His critics argue that some changes can alter war’s very nature, and the nature of war today is radically different from the nature of war then, the age of Napoleon. In other words, the changes are more fundamental than can simply be accounted by shifting characteristics. The most recent English translation of the text, by Michael Howard and Peter Parat, renders its opening sentence thus: ‘War is more than a true chameleon that slightly adapts its characteristics to the given case. As a total phenomenon its dominant tendencies always make war a remarkable trinity. Clearly, a chameleon remains a chameleon whatever color it adopts for the time being . The crucial two words in the translation are ‘more than’, which imply that the circumstances of war can cause war to change more than its characteristics: War in other words is not like a chameleon. However, this translation did not capture the nuance of Clausewitz’s original: ‘Der Krieg ist also nicht nu rein wahres Chamaleon, weil er in jedem konkreten Fall seine Natur etwas andert, sondern er ist auch seinem Gesamterscheinungen nach, in Beziehung auf die in ihm herrschenden Tendenzen, eine wunderliche Dreifaltigkeit’.The implication here is that war may indeed be a chameleon, in that it changes its nature slightly in each individual case (its ‘character’), but not its nature in general, which is made up of the ‘trinity’ (addressed later). The translation thus reads: ‘War is not only a true chameleon, because it changes its nature slightly in each concrete case, but it also, in it is overall appearance, in relation to its inherent tendencies, a wondrous trinity’. The Primacy of Policy and the ‘Trinity’ War is an instrument of policy. ’ It ‘is simply a continuation of political intercourse, with the addition of other means’. Clausewtiz’s aphorism on the relationship between war and policy was now being dismissed not because war had no utility but because it is being waged for reasons that are not political or policy-driven. Critics argue that Clausewitz no longer have a place in the current strategic and security studies debates, where war was no longer the province of armed forces but also of non-state actors.The question was whether strategy, traditionally-defined, continues to be the best way of looking at what was, revealingly, no longer even called war, but armed conflict. Clausewitz understood a community as having its own political and social identity, even if it lacked statehood. Such an interpretation is consonant with Clausewitz’s own interest in wars before 1648, where he specifically linked the weaknesses of states to ‘exceptional manifestations in the art of war’.In his review of the history of war, he described ‘the semibarbarous Tartars, the republics of antiquity, the feudal lords and trading cities of the Middle Ages, eighteenth-century kings and the rulers and peoples of the nineteenth-century’ as ‘all conducting war in their own particular way, using different methods and pursuing different aims’. Despite this variability, Clausewitz stresses that war is all these cases remains a continuation of their policy by other means. In doing so, however, he suppresses the difference between the policies of states and the intentions of other communities which wage war.Therefore, it makes sense to supplement the primacy of policy as a general category with the affiliation of belligerents to a warring community. If the communities are states, we can speak of politics in th e modern sense; if they are ethnic, religious, or other communities, the value systems and goals of those communities (their ‘cultures’) are the more important factors. Based on this, we could replace Clausewitz’s meaning of state with the notion of it being that of the intentions, aims or values of the â€Å"warring community,† thus remaining much more faithful to his understanding of what a state embodies.Otherwise, we would implicitly express a modern understanding of Clausewitz’s concept of state. Clausewitz’s concepts of war (including armed conflict) and violence continue to be relevant so long as they are motivated by interests and policy and not hate, rage, boredom, the need for personal meaning and bonding. Die Wunderliche Dreifaltigkeit (The Wondrous Trinity) Clausewitz describes the trinity as composed of: (1) Primordial violence, hatred, and enmity, which are regarded as a blind natural force; (2) The play of chance and probabilit y, within which the creative spirit is free to roam; and 3) Its element of subordination, as an instrument of policy, which makes it subject to pure reason. Read in tandem with Clausewitz’s metaphor of war’s appearance from case to case as a chameleon, the trinity addresses the underlying forces that drive those changes. His message was that the relationship among these three elements was inherently unstable and shifting. To quote, ‘the task†¦is to keep our theory [of war] floating among these three tendencies’, and not try to set, or to count on any fixed relationship among them. Clausewitz and a New ContainmentThe Removal of the Inhibitions on War and a New Containment The twenty-first century appeared for a time an age defined by economics and, to a great extent, peace. These expectations quickly disappeared with the massacres and genocides in Africa, return of war to Europe, the 9/11 attacks, the Iraq and Afghanistan wars with their continuing, vi olent consequences and the Arab Springs. A struggle against a new totalitarianism of an Islamic type appears to have started, in which war and violence is commonly perceived as having an unavoidable role, and perceived to be becoming more ‘unbounded’ than ever before.Spatially, the terrorist are potentially ever present. Temporally, there seems no end-in-sight to their attacks. We face new types of threats such as the development of atomic bombs by ‘problematic’ states like Iran and North Korea and the possession of weapons of mass destruction by terrorists. The emergence of China as a potential superpower and perhaps great powers, like India, may lead to a fresh arms dynamic, with the possibility of a nuclear dimension. Violence seems to be going out of rational control, an image that the media has not hesitated to portray.There is a grave portent of mankind confronting a ‘coming anarchy’ of unknown dimensions. Hence, a new strategy of contain ment is needed. There is no longer one exclusive actor to be contained. A strategy for military containment of China similar to that used against the Soviet Union in the 1950s and 1960s, will likely provoke all kinds of crises and even conflict, which such a strategy intends to avoid. Therefore, a different concept of containment is needed, one that is not perceived as a threat by China.The second difference is that current developments in the strategic environment display fundamentally conflicting tendencies. A strategy designed to counter only one of these conflicting tendencies may be problematic with respect to the others. Therefore, there is a need to strike a balance between competing possibilities. The third difference is that the traditional containment was perceived mainly as military deterrence of the Soviet Union. The new containment must combine traditional, military containment on one side and a range of opportunities for cooperation on the other.That is necessary with respect not only to China, but even to political Islam, in order to reduce the appeal of militant Islamic movements to millions of Muslim youths. In response to this unbounded-ness on war and violence, a conception for their containment is needed to provide a sustained and continual limitation through the ‘fencing in and encircling of the same forces’. The guiding perspective is that of a peaceful, or rather a pacified, global society. This perspective cannot be equated with â€Å"peace† since in order to reach this goal, non-peaceful, violent and even military means must in some cases be employed.Clausewitz’s Concept of Politics The defeat of Napoleon was the turning point of Clausewitz’s theory, where he faced the problem of dealing with strategies of limited war within the same conceptual framework as those leading to total defeat of the enemy. He realized that there are very different and even contrasting kinds of war and strategy. The conflicti ng tendencies in war, especially between ‘limited’ and ‘unlimited’ war compelled Clausewitz to conclude that the unifying general principle was politics. However, which kind of politics could serve to contain war and violence in the twenty-first century?Clausewitz’s notions of limited warfare have their foundations in the last parts of book VIII. They find some reflection in book I, chapter 2: ‘Be that as it may, we must always consider that with the conclusion of peace the purpose of the war has been achieved'; and further on: ‘Since war is not an act of senseless passion but is controlled by its political object, the value of this object must determine the sacrifices to be made for it in magnitude and also in duration. ’ In book VIII, he stated: ‘In this way the belligerent is again driven to adopt a middle course.He would act on the principle of using no greater force, and setting himself no greater military aim, than woul d be sufficient for the achievement of his political purpose. To turn this principle into practice, he must renounce the need for absolute success in each given case. ‘ It is a natural step to evolve from his strategy of limited warfare to one of the limitations of war and violence as the overarching purpose of political action in the twenty-first century. This perspective is still based on Clausewitz's statement that war is a continuation of politics by other means, while trying to actualize his concept of politics.Clausewitz describes war on the one hand as a continuation of politics, but on the other side as waged with other than political means. This implicit tension is the basis of the explicit contrast between the first and the third tendencies of Clausewitz’s trinity. Furthermore, one could argue that globalization and the ubiquity of information technologies have created a worldwide political space from which no one can escape, however much his actions might be derived, in their immediate motivation, from private interests or from the cultural practices of ethnic or tribal communities.Hence, the role of politics is intensified and reaction time within all three tendencies of Clausewitz’s trinity is reduced. Containing War and Violence in World Society The concept of containment is associated with the insight that we cannot expect in the foreseeable future to see fully non-violent societies or a non-violent world society. In addition, the aspiration to a world without conflicts as such fails to recognize that in the course of history conflicts and conflict solutions have frequently been necessary for human development.The main task confronting politics and social forces in the twenty-first century is the radical limitation, even diminishing of violence and war, so that non-violent structures can be sustained and the mechanisms of the ‘world of societies' can come to fruition. The overall political perspective on which the conce pt of the containing of war and violence in world society rests therefore consists of the following elements, the ‘pentagon of containing war and violence': 1) The ability to deter and discourage any opponent from fighting a large-scale war and to conduct precise military action as a last resort; (2) The possibility of using military force in order to limit and contain particularly excessive, large-scale violence which has the potential to destroy societies; (3) The willingness to counter phenomena which help to cause violence, such as poverty and oppression, especially in the economic sphere, and also the recognition of a pluralism of cultures and styles of life in world society; 4) The motivation to develop a culture of civil conflict management (concepts which can be summed up in the ‘civilizational hexagon', global governance, and democratic peace), based on the observation that the reduction of our action to military means has proved counterproductive and in the end will exceed our military capabilities; and (5) Restricting the possession and proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, their delivery systems, as well as of small arms, because the proliferation of both is inherently destructive to social order. Antulio Echevarria writes that ‘the U. S.National Strategy for Combating Terrorism also includes an essential, but rather ambitious goal of diminishing the conditions that terrorists typically exploit, such as poverty, social and political disenfranchisement, and long-standing political, religious, and ethnic grievances; reducing these conditions requires, among other things, fostering political, social, and economic development, good governance, the rule of law, and consistent participation in the â€Å"war of ideas† Further important tasks include preventing the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and of small arms.Normative criteria are required for the containment of war and violence in world society. Such cri teria combine political–moral considerations with aspects relevant to every state's interest in self-preservation. It requires political actors to recognize the advantages of self-limitation as part of their own enlightened self-interest. In anthropological terms, we can see the roots of the political in the openness and indeterminacy of the human power to act. In historical terms, we can follow Aristotle in seeing these roots in the way we are forced to limit ourselves once we become aware of the contingency of human actions.It follows from this that one of the decisive questions for future development is that of the possible self-interest of the United States, or regional powers, making conflict subject to legal norms, in civil conflict management, and binding military power into alliance systems. President Obama’s ‘Pivot to Asia’ necessitated the development of a military strategy for the potential, if highly improbable, conflict with China. Seeking a d ecisive victory or traditional military containment are not viable strategies in current and projected realities, as they probably only serve to escalate the situation.Also, the United States must select ways that minimize the probability of escalation to nuclear conflict simply because it does not understand China’s nuclear release process and there is no winner in a major nuclear exchange. The logic leads to the concept of Offshore Control. Operationally, it uses currently available means and restricted ways to deny China the use of the sea in a strategy of economic strangulation to exhaust China to the point it seeks war termination. Penetration into China is forbidden to reduce the possibility of escalation and to make war termination easier.Offshore Control seeks to allow the Chinese Communist Part to end the conflict in the same way China ended its conflicts with India, the UN (in Korea), the Soviet Union and the Vietnamese. It allows China to declare it â€Å"taught t he enemy a lesson† and thus end the conflict. The progressive limitation of war and violence indefinitely can be an end to itself in the realization of a basically peaceful global policy. The enduring and progressive containment of war and violence is therefore necessary for self-preservation of states, even their survival, and for the civility of individual societies and world society.Conclusion Clausewitz, in his note of 1827, recognized the need to rework the whole of On War according to his new insight, the distinction between limited war and war whose aim is to overthrow the enemy and render him powerless. However, he was not always clear in his thoughts especially in his early writings and even up to 1827. For example, there is a lack of clarity on the discourse at the beginning of book I, chapter 1, of the three interactions that push war to the extreme, despite the fact that these sections were presumably written after the note of 1827.It can be said that for the purpo se of analyzing and studying warfare, both the early and later Clausewitz is of great importance and value. However, for political and military action of our time, perhaps only the later Clausewitz needs serve as an important basis. As Clausewitz himself emphasized at the end of his discussion of the trinity, ‘at any rate, the preliminary concept of war casts a first ray of light on the basic structure of theory, and enables us to make an initial differentiation and identification of its major components. Thinking about contemporary and future warfare with, and sometimes beyond, Clausewitz can still be the best way to begin. Bibliography 1. Andreas, H. -R. (2009). Clausewitz and a New Containment. In S. Hew, ; H. -R. Andreas (Eds. ), Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century (pp. 283-307). New York: Oxford University Press Inc. 2. Andreas, H. -R. , ; Antulio , E. (2007, December 27). Clausewitz in the Twenty First-Century: Primacy of Policy and a New Containment. From World Secur ity Network: http://www. worldsecuritynetwork. com/showArticle3. cfm? article_id=14985 3. Antulio, E. (1995-1996, Winter).War, Politics and the RMA: The Legacy of Clausewitz. Joint Force Quarterly, pp. 76-80. 4. Antulio, E. I. (2003). Globalization and the Clausewitzian Nature of War. The European Legacy, 8/3, pp. 317-32. 5. Clausewitz, C. v. (1976). On War. In H. Michael, P. Peter, H. Michael, ; P. Peter (Eds. ). New Jersey: Princeton. 6. Durieux, B. (2009). Clausewitz and the Two Temptations of Modern Strategic Thinking. In S. Hew, ; H. Andreas (Eds. ), Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century (pp. 251- 265). New York: Oxford University Press Inc. 7. Hammes, T. (2012, Spring). Offshore Control: A Proposed Strategy. Infinity Journal, 2(2), pp. 0-14. 8. Hew, S. , ; Andreas, H. -R. (2009). Introduction. In S. Hew, ; H. -R. Andreas (Eds. ), Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century (pp. 1-13). New York: Oxford University Press Inc. 9. Antulio, E. (2009). Clausewitz and the Nature of the Wa r on Terror. In S. Hew, ; H. -R. Andreas (Eds. ), Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century (pp. 196-218). New York: Oxford University Press Inc. 10. Ken, B. , ; R. , T. (1999). Strategic Cultures in the Asia-Pacific Region. London. 11. Metz, S. (1994). Clausewitz Homepage. From A Wake for Clausewitz: Toward a Philosophy of 21st-Century Warfare: http://www. lausewitz. com/readings/Metz. htm 12. Sumida, J. (2009). On Defence as the Stronger Form of War. In S. Hew, ; H. -R. Andreas (Eds. ), Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century (pp. 164-181). New York: Oxford University Press Inc. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Durieux, B. (2009). Clausewitz and the Two Temptations of Modern Strategic Thinking. In S. Hew, & H. Andreas (Eds. ), Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century (pp. 251- 265). New York: Oxford University Press Inc. [ 2 ]. Carl von Clausewitz, On War, trans. and ed. Michael Howard and Pet er Parat (Princeton, NJ, 1976), II, 2, p. 141. 3 ]. Ibid. II, 2, p. 141. [ 4 ]. Ibid. II, 2, p. 142. [ 5 ]. Ken, B. , & R. , T. (1999). Strategic Cultures in the Asia-Pacific Region. London. [ 6 ]. Durieux, B. (2009). Clausewitz and the Two Temptations of Modern Strategic Thinking. In S. Hew, & H. Andreas (Eds. ), Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century (pp. 251- 265). New York: Oxford University Press Inc. [ 7 ]. The same principles and strategies that were the decisive foundation of Napoleon’s initial successes at Jena and Auerstedt proved inadequate in the special situation of the Russian campaign and eventually contributed to his final defeat at Waterloo. 8 ]. Clausewitz or Sun Tzu – Paradigms of warfare for the 21st century written by: Andreas Herberg-Rothe, 13-Dec-06. WorldSecurityNetwork. com – WorldSecurityNetwork. com. http://www. worldsecuritynetwork. com/printArticle3. cfm? article_id=13757 [ 9 ]. On War, I, 1,  §28, P. 89. [ 10 ]. Hew, S. , & Andrea s, H. -R. (2009). Introduction. In S. Hew, & H. -R. Andreas (Eds. ), Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century (pp. 1-13). New York: Oxford University Press Inc. [ 11 ]. Vom Kriege, ed. Werner Hahlweg (19th edn, Bonn, 1980), 1, 1,  §28, pp. 212-213. 12 ]. On War, VIII, 6B, p. 610. [ 13 ]. Ibid. p. 605. The phrase ‘with the addition of other means’ is deliberately used by Howard and Paret as they wanted to make it clear that war in itself does not suspend political intercourse or change it into something entirely different. Essentially, the intercourse continues, irrespective of the means it employs. The main lines along which military events progress, and to which they are restricted, are political lines that continues throughout war into the subsequent peace. It could not be otherwise.Political relations between peoples and between their governments do not stop when diplomatic notes are no longer exchanged. [ 14 ]. The German word Politik covers both policy and politics . Clausewitz did mean different things at different points. Sometimes the context suggests that he has foreign policy in mind, at others he highlights the social upheaval of the French Revolution and its consequence for warfare. [ 15 ]. Antulio Echevarria, ‘War, Politics and the RMA: The Legacy of Clausewitz’, Joint Force Quarterly, 10 (winter 1995-6), 76-80. [ 16 ]. On War, VIII, 3B, p. 589 [ 17 ]. Ibid. p. 586. 18 ]. Hew, S. , & Andreas, H. -R. (2009). Primacy of Policy and Trinity in Clausewitz’s Thought. In S. Hew, & H. -R. Andreas (Eds. ), Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century (pp. 74-90). New York: Oxford University Press Inc. No modern translator is prepared to render wunderliche in the military context as â€Å"wonderful† or â€Å"wonderous†. Howard and Paret in 1976 used ‘remarkable’, which was a throwaway word of no particular significance. This was changed to ‘paradoxical’ in the 1984 edition, but this word seem s to have no relationship to wunderliche and carries inappropriately negative connotations. 19 ]. On War, I, 1,  §28. [ 20 ]. Ibid. Clausewitz’s description of the trinity followed after the metaphor of war as a chameleon. [ 21 ]. Ibid. [ 22 ]. George Kennan formulated his original vision of containment more than sixty years ago. Although altered in its application by various administrations in the United States, it has in practice been incorporated within the concept and politics of common security, which in turn has itself been the essential complement to purely military containment. [ 23 ]. In comparison to the Cold War. [ 24 ].Between globalization on the one hand, and local struggles for identity and regional advantages and interests on the other; between high-tech wars and combat with ‘knives and machetes’ or attacks by suicide bombers between symmetrical and asymmetrical warfare; between wars over the ‘world order’, with the re-politicizatio n and re-ideologization, between imperial-hegemonic dominance of the only superpower and the formation of new regional power centers; between international organized crime and the institutionalization of regional and global communities; and between increasing violations of international law and human rights on one side and their expansion on the other. [ 25 ]. Andreas, H. -R. (2009). Clausewitz and a New Containment. In S. Hew, & H. -R. Andreas (Eds. , Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century (pp. 283-307). New York: Oxford University Press Inc. [ 26 ]. Clausewitz discussed unlimited and limited war in terms that supported his conception of the defense as the stronger form of war. The central issue in both cases of war was the will of the combatants. Unlimited war occurred when the attacker was determined to destroy the political independence of the defender through battle if necessary, and the defender no less determined to preserve its political independence. Equivalence in the stre ngth of will did not, however, mean the outcome would be determined by the balance of military forces and the fortunes of war.Even catastrophic military defeat at the hands of a militarily superior attacker, Clausewitz believed, would not produce a decision if the defender had the will to preserve what remained of his regular military forces by retreat even to the point of abandonment of all national territory, and to resort to armed popular support against the invader in spite of its potential to promote anarchy. Limited war meant a situation in which the attacker's objectives did not involve the destruction of the political independence of the defender, and the defender's stake in the outcome was thus not one of survival. (Sumida, 2009) [ 27 ]. Andreas Herberg-Rothe had elaborated this interpretation in Andreas Herberg-Rothe, Das Ratsel Clausewitz. Politische Theorie des Krieges im WIderstreit (Munich, 2001), 79-145, and in the English edition of the same book, Clausewitz’s Puzzle (Oxford, 2007).We can find this conclusion in the trinity; within the note of 1827, in which Clausewitz mentioned both aspects as guiding principles for reworking the whole text; in book I, chapter 2; and in most parts of book VIII of On War, [ 28 ]. On War, I, 2, pp. 91-2. [ 29 ]. Ibid. VIII, 3B, p. 585. [ 30 ]. It can be demonstrated that, due to systematic reasons but also with the respect to historical experience, trying to suspend this tension for the sake of the primacy of one of the two sides always leads to a primacy of the military means, of warfare and violence; see Beatrice Heuser, Reading Clausewitz (London, 2002). [ 31 ]. Antulio, E. I. (2003). Globalization and the Clausewitzian Nature of War. The European Legacy, 8/3, pp. 317-32. [ 32 ].Ernst Otto Czempiel, Weltpolitik im Umbruch. Die Pax Americana, der Terrorisinus und die Zukunft der interuationalen Bezh. ‘hungen (Munchen, 2002). [ 33 ]. Andreas, H. -R. (2009). Clausewitz and a New Containment. In S. H ew, & H. -R. Andreas (Eds. ), Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century (pp. 283-307). New York: Oxford University Press Inc. [ 34 ]. Antulio, E. (2009). Clausewitz and the Nature of the War on Terror. In S. Hew, & H. -R. Andreas (Eds. ), Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century (pp. 196-218). New York: Oxford University Press Inc. [ 35 ]. Hammes, T. (2012, Spring). Offshore Control: A Proposed Strategy. Infinity Journal, 2(2), pp. 10-14. [ 36 ]. Ibid. I, 1,  §28, p. 89.

Health Care Physicians In Kuwait Health And Social Care Essay

Introduction: Domestic force against adult females is an of import public wellness job. The medical practician ‘s personal value system and beliefs about domestic force can play an of import function to cover with job and supply support to battered adult females. Aim: The current survey was formulated to uncover attitude of doctors towards domestic force against adult females and factors impacting this attitude. Methods: To accomplish such purposes, a sample of 565 doctors were interviewed out of 899 doctors selected for this survey with an overall response rate of 62.8 % . The mark population for this survey was all doctors in the primary wellness attention centres in Kuwait. Consequences: The consequences of the current survey revealed that doctors tended to hold a comparatively low positive overall attitude mark towards force against adult females ( 60.75 + 13.16 % ) , with a average per centum mark of 42.36 + 15.37 % for relationship between spouses domain, 75.73 + 21.80 % for good grounds to hit married womans domain, and 58.39 + 17.11 % for direction of domestic force sphere. Female doctors tended to hold a higher positive attitude mark than males ( 62.9 + 13.36 % compared with 58.3 + 12.52 % , P & A ; lt ; 0.001 ) every bit good as for each attitude sphere. Years spent at the current occupation negatively correlated with the entire attitude mark of doctors towards domestic force against adult females. Decision: There is a great demand to better attitude of doctors about domestic force, particularly against adult females through decently planned preparation plans so that a better medical attention and support of beat-up adult females can be achieved. Cardinal words: Domestic – force – Women – Physicians-AttitudeIntroductionGender-based force is widely recognized as an of import public wellness job, both because of the acute morbidity and mortality associated with assault and its longer-term impact on adult females ‘s wellness, including chronic hurting, gynecologic jobs, sexually-transmitted diseases, depression, post-traumatic emphasis upsets, and self-destruction. ( 1-3 ) Abused adult females who have hapless physical and mental wellness suffer more hurts and utilize more medical resources than non-abused adult females. ( 1,2,4 ) Health attention establishments can do important parts to turn toing force against adult females by back uping both doctors and victims. ( 3 ) Health attention workers can play an indispensable function to cover with this wellness job through proper direction of beat-up adult females and supplying full support. However, wellness attention workers might portion the same cultural norms and biass with victims or culprits of interpersonal force, which would impact their professional attitudes. Furthermore, some doctors might believe that interpersonal force is a private household affair and non a wellness issue. In add-on, while the happenings allocated to this field are unequal, some wellness attention workers might experience despairing, taking them to professional reluctance. ( 4-6 ) Thus the following survey was formulated to accomplish the undermentioned aims: Estimate attitude of doctors towards domestic force ( DV ) against adult females and Reveal factors impacting attitude of do ctors about domestic force against adult females.MethodsAn experimental cross-sectional survey design was adopted for this survey. The survey was carried out in the primary wellness attention centres in Kuwait. All doctors available during the field work of the survey in the primary wellness attention centres were the mark population of this survey. A sum of 78 wellness centres are distributed over five wellness territories in Kuwait. The entire figure of doctors was 899 ; out of these, merely 565 agreed to portion in the survey with a response rate of 62.8 % . The survey covered the period January to August 2010. Data were collected over three months get downing from the May to July, 2010. Datas of this survey was collected through a specially designed self-administered questionnaire. This questionnaire consisted of several subdivisions. The first subdivision dealt with socio-demographic features, including age, sex, figure of old ages in pattern, educational making, current occupation, old ages at current work and wage. Three inquiries dealt with prevalence of force ; one in Kuwait, one in other Arab states and the last one dealt with prevalence overall the universe. The attitude graduated table consisted of 18 inquiries covering three sub-domains. The first sub-domain dealt with the relationship between spouses and consisted of 6 inquiries, while the 2nd sub-domain the hitting married womans by their hubbies and formed of 8 inquiries, the last sub-domain dealt with direction of DV and consisted of three inquiries. The causes of DV consisted of 14 inquiries ; of these five covered the single features of culprit, two covered the relationship, three dealt with the commu nity factors, and 4 inquiries reflected the social factors including traditions, civilization and wonts. Another subdivision of the interviewing questionnaire covered the expected result of domestic force. This portion consisted of 34 inquiries classified as follows: physical wellness ( 6 inquiries ) , chronic conditions ( 5 inquiries ) , mental wellness ( 8 inquiries ) , negative wellness behaviour ( 5 inquiries ) , generative wellness ( 7 inquiries ) , and fatal result ( 3 inquiries ) . A pilot survey was carried out on 30 doctors ( non included in the concluding survey ) . This survey was formulated with the following aims: prove the lucidity, pertinence of the survey tools, accommodate the purpose of the work to existent feasibleness, place the troubles that may be faced during the application, every bit good as survey all the processs and activities of the administrative facets. Besides, the clip of finishing the questionnaire was estimated during this pilot survey to be 10 proceedingss. The necessary alterations harmonizing to the consequences obtained were done, so some statements were reworded. Besides, the construction of the questionnaire sheet was reformatted to ease informations aggregation. A pre-coded sheet was used. All inquiries were coded before informations aggregation. This facilitates both informations entry and confirmation every bit good as reduces the chance of mistakes during informations entry. Datas were fed to the computing machine straight from the questionnaire without an intermediate informations transportation sheets. The Excel plan was used for informations entry. A file for informations entry was prepared and structured harmonizing to the variables in the questionnaire. After informations were fed to the Excel plan ; several methods were used to verify informations entry. These methods included the followers: simple frequence, cross-tabulation, every bit good as manual alteration of entered informations. Percentage mark was calculated for the entire attitude mark every bit good as for each sphere of attitude. Before ciphering the amount of mark ; the mark of negative inquiries was reversed. The per centum mark was calculated as follows: amount of mar k X 100 / figure of points. The amount was treated to give a scope of 100 % with a lower limit of nothing and a upper limit of 100.Statistical analysis:Before analysis ; informations were imported to the Statistical Package for Social Sciences ( SPSS ) which was used for both informations analysis and tabular presentation. Descriptive ( count, per centum, lower limit, upper limit, arithmetic mean, average and standard divergence ) and analytic steps ( Mann Whitney Z trial and Spearman correlativity coefficient ) were utilized. The degree of significance selected for this survey was P ? 0.05. All the necessary blessings for transporting out the research were obtained. The Ethical Committee of the Kuwaiti Ministry of Health approved the research. A written format explicating the intent of the research was prepared and signed by the doctor before get downing the interview. In add-on, the intent and importance of the research were discussed with the manager of the wellness centre.ConsequenceTable I portrays socio-demographic features of studied doctors. Females constituted 53.1 % of the studied sample while the remainder were males ( 46.9 % ) with an mean age of 39.95 + 9.07 old ages and an norm of 13.04 + 8.42 old ages at the current occupation. Kuwaiti doctors constituted 43.2 % of the entire sample while 51.5 % were other Arab doctors. The bulk were married ( 87.3 % ) while the remainder were presently individual ( 3.0 % divorced or widow and 9.7 % ne'er married before ) . Out of the entire sample, 89.2 % were working as a registrar, while the remainder ( 10.8 % ) were ei ther specializers or advisers. Those keeping a unmarried man grade constituted 31.7 % , while the bulk ( 68.3 % ) were keeping a higher educational certification. The wage for the bulk of doctors ( 82.1 % ) was more than 1000 KD. Table II shows perceptual experience of doctors about prevalence of DV against adult females in Kuwait, other Arab states and worldwide. Doctors tended to gauge lower prevalence of domestic force in Kuwait than other Arab states or worldwide as 43.8 % of them stated that domestic force against adult females is more than 20 % while 69 % and 58.8 % stated the same prevalence in other Arab states and worldwide severally. Table III demonstrates attitude of doctors towards DV against adult females. The highest average per centum mark ( 75.73 + 21.80 % ) was that for attitude sphere two covering with striking of married womans in different fortunes, followed by sphere three covering with proper direction of DV ( 58.39 + 17.11 % ) . Relationship between spouses ( domain one ) came on the underside of the list with a mean of 42.36 + 15.37 % . The overall attitude average per centum mark was 60.75 + 13.16 % with a average per centum mark of 61.1 % . Table IV shows the relationship between attitude towards DV and socio-demographic features of doctors. Female doctors tended to hold a significantly higher average per centum tonss than males for relationship sphere ( 45.1 + 15.53 compared with 39.3 + 14.62 % , P & A ; lt ; 0.001 ) , hitting sphere ( 77.9 + 22.16 compared with 73.3 + 21.15 % , P = 0.001 ) , every bit good as the direction sphere ( 59.6 + 17.07 compared with 59.6 + 17.07 % , P = 0.044 ) . Overall, female doctors had a significantly higher attitude score than male doctors ( 62.9 + 13.36 compared with 58.3 + 12.52 % , P & A ; lt ; 0.001 ) . Kuwaiti doctors had a significantly higher mark than non-Kuwaiti for the relationship sphere ( 44.4 + 15.31 compared with 40.8 + 15.26 % , P = 0.007 ) , while no important differences were noticed between them with respect to other spheres. Job of the doctor significantly impacted merely on hitting attitude sphere where specializer doctors had a higher average per centum mark ( 82.5 + 16.96 % ) than registrar doctors ( 74.9 + 22.19 % , P = 0.015 ) . Marital position and degree of instruction did non hold any important impact on the different spheres of doctors ‘ attitude towards DV against adult females. A negative correlativity was found between continuance at work in old ages from one side and the overall attitude mark on the other side, ( R = -0.115 ) . Table I: Socio-demographic features of doctorsFictional characterNumber%AgeMin-Max 24.0 – 65 Mean + SD 39.95 + 9.07Sexual activityMale 265 46.9 Female 300 53.1NationalityKuwaiti 244 43.2 Arab 291 51.5 Non Arab 30 5.3Marital positionSingle 55 9.7 Married 493 87.3 Divorced / Widowed 17 3.0QualificationBachelor grade 179 31.7 Master/PhD/Board 386 68.3OccupationRegistrar 504 89.2 Specialist 61 10.8Old ages at workMin-Max 0.1 – 40 Mean + SD 13.04 + 8.42Income ( KD )& A ; lt ; 1000 101 17.9 1000 – 239 42.3 & A ; gt ; 1500 225 39.8 Table II: Percept of doctors about prevalence of domestic force in Kuwait, Arab states and worldwide Prevalence of Domestic force& A ; lt ; 1 %1-5 %6-10 %11-20 %21-30 %& A ; gt ; 30 %Kuwait ( n=484 ) 11 ( 2.3 ) 31 ( 6.4 ) 94 ( 19.4 ) 136 ( 28.1 ) 115 ( 23.8 ) 97 ( 20.0 ) Other Arab states ( n=480 ) 5 ( 1.0 ) 12 ( 2.5 ) 47 ( 9.8 ) 85 ( 17.7 ) 180 ( 37.5 ) 151 ( 31.5 ) Worldwide ( n=469 ) 4 ( 0.9 ) 36 ( 7.7 ) 53 ( 11.3 ) 100 ( 21.3 ) 114 ( 24.3 ) 162 ( 34.5 ) Datas are presented as figure ( % ) Table Three: Attitude of doctors towards domestic forceAttitude sphereStronglydisagreeDisagreeImpersonalAgreeStrongly holdRelationship between spouses ( A1 )A good married woman obeys her hubby even if she disagrees 32 ( 5.7 ) 92 ( 16.3 ) 134 ( 23.7 ) 201 ( 35.6 ) 106 ( 18.8 ) Family jobs should merely be discussed with people in the household 15 ( 2.7 ) 57 ( 10.1 ) 70 ( 12.4 ) 232 ( 41.1 ) 191 ( 33.8 ) It is of import for a adult male to demo his married woman who is the foreman 38 ( 6.7 ) 88 ( 15.6 ) 103 ( 18.2 ) 225 ( 39.8 ) 111 ( 19.6 ) A adult female should be able to take her ain friends even if her hubby disagrees 75 ( 13.3 ) 177 ( 31.3 ) 141 ( 25.0 ) 119 ( 21.1 ) 53 ( 9.4 ) It is a married woman ‘s duty to hold sex with her hubby even if she does non experience like it 102 ( 18.1 ) 154 ( 27.3 ) 147 ( 26.0 ) 114 ( 20.2 ) 48 ( 8.5 ) If a adult male mistreats his married woman, others outside of the household should step in 108 ( 19.1 ) 118 ( 20.9 ) 103 ( 18.2 ) 153 ( 27.1 ) 83 ( 14.7 ) ( Min – Max ) Mean + SD [ Median ] ( 0.0 – 87.5 ) 42.36 + 15.37 [ 41.7 ]A adult male have a good ground to hit his married woman if ( A2 ) :She does non finish her family work to his satisfaction 367 ( 65.0 ) 147 ( 26.0 ) 22 ( 3.9 ) 15 ( 2.7 ) 14 ( 2.5 ) She disobeys him 266 ( 47.1 ) 175 ( 31.0 ) 53 ( 9.4 ) 44 ( 7.8 ) 27 ( 4.8 ) She refuse to hold sexual relation with him 316 ( 55.9 ) 164 ( 29.0 ) 51 ( 9.0 ) 14 ( 2.5 ) 20 ( 3.5 ) She asks him whether he has other miss friends 331 ( 58.6 ) 159 ( 28.1 ) 45 ( 8.0 ) 16 ( 2.8 ) 14 ( 2.5 ) He suspects that she is unfaithful 274 ( 48.5 ) 170 ( 30.1 ) 72 ( 12.7 ) 29 ( 5.1 ) 20 ( 3.5 ) He finds out that she has been unfaithful 183 ( 32.4 ) 91 ( 16.1 ) 79 ( 14.0 ) 130 ( 23.0 ) 82 ( 14.5 ) She exposes hubby failings 237 ( 41.9 ) 137 ( 24.2 ) 86 ( 15.2 ) 61 ( 10.8 ) 44 ( 7.8 ) She lies to her hubby 210 ( 37.2 ) 154 ( 27.3 ) 87 ( 15.4 ) 66 ( 11.7 ) 48 ( 8.5 ) ( Min – Max ) Mean + SD [ Median ] ( 0.0 – 100.0 ) 75.73 + 21.80 [ 78.1 ]direction of domestic force ( A3 )Womans who experienced physical force must take professional aid 9 ( 1.6 ) 16 ( 2.8 ) 32 ( 5.7 ) 283 ( 50.1 ) 225 ( 39.8 ) Health professionals can non assist domestic force victims, as they will return to the same societal environment 75 ( 13.3 ) 161 ( 28.5 ) 92 ( 16.3 ) 152 ( 26.9 ) 85 ( 15.0 ) Domestic force is a private issue, and patients are ashamed to speak about it 36 ( 6.4 ) 80 ( 14.2 ) 60 ( 10.6 ) 281 ( 49.7 ) 108 ( 19.1 ) Covering with domestic force agencies interfering with privateness of the household 155 ( 27.4 ) 233 ( 41.2 ) 86 ( 15.2 ) 55 ( 9.7 ) 36 ( 6.4 ) ( Min – Max ) Mean + SD [ Median ] ( 6.3 – 100.0 ) 58.39 + 17.11 [ 56.3 ] ( A ) Entire Attitude Score ( Min – Max ) Mean + SD [ Median ] ( 18.1 – 91.7 ) 60.75 + 13.16 [ 61.1 ] Datas are presented as figure ( natural % ) Table Four: Relation between attitude sphere tonss ( average + SD ) and socio-demographic features of doctorsCharacteristicAttitude DomainEntire mark( A )Relationship( A1 )Hiting( A2 )Management ( A3 )Sexual activityMale 39.3 + 14.6 73.3 + 21.2 56.9 + 17.1 58.3 + 12.5 Female 45.1 + 15.5 77.9 + 22.2 59.6 + 17.1 62.9 + 13.4 Phosphorus & A ; lt ; 0.001* 0.001* 0.044* & A ; lt ; 0.001*NationalityKuwaiti 44.4 + 15.3 76.4 + 21.7 59.5 + 16.3 61.9 + 13.3 Non Kuwaiti 40.8 + 15.3 75.2 + 21. 9 57.5 + 17.7 59.8 + 13.0 Phosphorus 0.007* 0.540 0.0501 0.060Marital StatusSingle 42.3 + 15.5 75.5 + 22.7 59.2 + 18.3 60.8 + 13.62 Married 42.4 + 15.4 75.8 + 21.7 58.3 + 16.9 60.7 + 13.11 Phosphorus 0.899 0.991 0.659 0.871EducationBachelor 41.4 + 13.4 77.5 + 21.6 57.9 + 16.3 61.1 + 12.10 Higher 42.8 + 16.2 74.9 + 21.9 58.6 + 17.5 60.6 + 13.64 Phosphorus 0.378 0.169 0.769 0.712OccupationRegistrar 42.3 + 15.3 74.9 + 22.2 58.1 + 17.4 60.3 + 13.3 Specialist 43.1 + 16.1 82.5 + 17.0 60.6 + 14.3 64.5 + 11.6 Phosphorus 0.695 0.015* 0.172 0.034*Age ( R )-0.065 -0.019 -0.040 -0.053Old ages at work ( R )-0.054 -0.106* -0.043 -0.115* * Significant, P & A ; lt ; 0.05. R = Spearman correlativity coefficientDiscussionDV is a major societal and medical job. It occurs in all states irrespective of societal, economic, cultural or spiritual values. Battered adult females seek aid in the wellness attention installations due to both physical and psychological harm that they suffer due to the force they experience. ( 7,8 ) The medical practicians ‘ personal value system and beliefs about DV can play an of import function. A survey in an exigency section in Hong Kong reported that the physicians found it hard to optimally pull off victims of DV because of the belief in the importance of keeping household integrity and that DV is a private issue. ( 9 ) Fewer physicians were found to test for DV believing that intercession is less successful than for other behavioral hazards such as smoke. ( 10 ) It seems that a positive attitude towards DV can play a important function for both diagnosis and pull offing medical results of force. Thus the current research was formulated to uncover attitude of primary wellness attention physicians towards force against adult females and identify factors impacting spheres of attitude. To accomplish these aims ; 565 primary wellness attention doctors were interviewed utilizing a specially designed questionnaire. The consequences of this survey revealed that more than half the doctors were married ( 87.3 % ) , Non-Kuwait ( 56.8 % ) , females ( 53.1 % ) with an mean age of 39.95 + 9.07 old ages and spent 13.04 + 8.42 old ages, on the norm, at the current occupation. Doctors tended to describe lower prevalence of DV against adult females in Kuwait followed, while they stated high rates in the other Arab states with an intermediate figure for world-wide prevalence. Other surveies, besides revealed that consciousness of primary doctors about the prevalence of DV is hapless. ( 11-15 ) A multi-country survey carried out by WHO showed that 15 – 71 % of adult females experient physical and / or sexual force by an intimate spouse at some point in their lives. ( 16 ) Another survey carried out on American Indian adult females revealed a figure every bit high as 80 % . ( 8 ) The differences among these surveies might be attributed to the nature of the job itself as some adult females tend to hide the event and prefer non coverage. Besides, the disagreement in force definition every bit good as the adoptive attack for gauging force happening whether one-year or life clip happening might explicate the differences of domestic force prevalence among these surveies. The consequences of the current survey besides revealed that doctors tended to hold a comparatively low positive overall attitude mark towards force against adult females ( 60.75 + 13.16 % ) , with a average per centum mark of 42.36 + 15.37 % for relationship between spouses domain, 75.73 + 21.80 % for good grounds to hit married womans domain, and 58.39 + 17.11 % for direction of domestic force sphere. This low mark can be attributed to cultural and social values in eastern states, as doctors themselves are the merchandises of the current cultural tradition. ( 17 ) Besides, hapless cognition and deficient preparation can be behind this low positive attitude. ( 18-22 ) Absence of clear guidelines to cover with DV at the degree of the primary wellness attention centres and inaccessibility of specific intervention prescription can besides significantly lend to this low attitude. ( 23 ) Low attitude of primary wellness attention physicians towards DV can sabotage their abilities to name and decently manage battered adult females, particularly with respect to implementing suited intercession steps. Female doctors tended to hold a higher positive mark on all the studied attitude spheres. Female doctors were reported to province the most positive encouraging attitude towards DV against adult females when compared with male doctors. ( 24 ) Rose and Saunders suggested that female suppliers may hold more empathetic attitudes towards victims of interpersonal force. ( 25 ) Besides, there is an increasing research demoing that preventative attention services for females rendered by female professionals increases the acceptableness and efficiency of medical services. ( 26,27 ) Besides Kuwaiti doctors had a significantly higher positive attitude for relationship between spouses than the non-Kuwaiti doctors. Old ages spent at current work were significantly negatively correlated with striking of adult females sphere and the entire attitude mark, bespeaking that with addition in old ages at work there is an attach toing lessening in the specified attitude spheres. However, matrimonial posi tion and degree of instruction, and age did non demo any important relation with the attitude domains. Education did non turn out to alter the attitude toward domestic force. ( 28 ) Some surveies did non demo any important relationship between attitude toward interpersonal force from one side and business, old ages of employment, and matrimonial position on the other side. ( 24 ) Empathic and emotionally supportive behaviour of doctors will promote beat-up adult females to unwrap the force they suffered. This can ensue in supplying a high quality attention services and guarantee efficient use of the available resources to cover with force. Plans for preparation of doctors to beef up their cognition, attitude and pattern towards domestic force against adult females are needed in Kuwait to better the medical services administered to buffet adult females

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Reaching Hapiness, My Holy Grail - Essay Example This has highly motivated me to choose clinical social work as my career. I believe that my career will help change the lives of many community members because social work is a profession that presents humane and effective social services to groups, families, individuals, communities, and society to enhance and improve both the quality of life and social functioning (Zastrow 28). Having mention clinical social work as my career, this paper will analyze my goal as a clinical social worker, and its importance both to me, and society. What Motivated Me to Choose Clinical Social Work Due to the increasing mental and health risks due to lack of effective counseling in the society, I am, and I will continue putting more efforts to ensure I achieve my goal in the next seven years. Clinical Social Work involves giving help to: families, individuals, couples, and even undersized groups notice issue challenging them, and provision of specific strategies in improvement of their exceptional situ ations (Ritter, Halaevalu and Kiernan-Stern 106). By definition, clinical social work is referred as social work theory and treatment methods application, to prevent psychological problems, impairment, mental ailment, and emotional disorders and also, helping the physically disabled community members. My goal is; â€Å"I will be a Clinical Social Worker in the next seven years.† Since I was young, my dreams have been that one day I will pray for, and help many people in the world in most burning life issues. Many people in the community has been addicted to drugs. This has consequently caused thousands of deaths because of cancer diseases caused by smoking and alcohol taking. In my own opinion, if these people in the community can be counseled and youths well advised before starting abusing drugs, cases of deaths of cancer will cease. To get people under these cases helped, I consequently chose to work as a social work. This will indeed, create a community of healthy and God- fearing people. People will be healthy because when advised, psychological and mental problems are minimized. In addition, cancer cases will cease. In short, my interest in clinical social work developed because of my inner dream to help people get out of their undesirable situations. Significance of Clinical Social Work Social work involves a series of caring services like; advice and guidance, education, health, housing community regeneration and development, social care and offering care and other services among children and younger persons. The social workers play major roles in ensuring that the above are services are rendered to the community. Indeed thousands of people in different communities find themselves into difficult life situations, unable to work them out. Social workers therefore, get in to help the community in solving the problem. Since helping people has been my hobby, I did not hesitate in making a choice to join social work as my future career. Effective delive ry of these caring services to the community will therefore, mark the significance of clinical social work career. Clinical social worker helps to enhance and maintain the coping skills of the people they are rendering services to, within the context of one’s environment to achieve a living balance in case confronted by challenges (Ritter, Halaevalu and Kiernan-Stern 106). This means, social work professionals help people in the com

Macroeconomic Position of Iceland as of 2006 Essay

Macroeconomic Position of Iceland as of 2006 - Essay Example This essay provides a thorough economic analysis of the economic developments in the Icelandic economy in the year of 2006. Ii is shown in the essay, that the national economy depended heavily on the fishing industry, which provided more than 60% of total export earnings and employs 12% of the work force. Iceland’s economy had been diversifying into manufacturing and service industries in the last decade and new developments in software production, biotechnology, and financial services were taking place. The tourism sector was also expanding, with trends in eco-tourism such as whale watching, hiking, and nature tours growing steadily. As Iceland had focused on leveling its financial landscape and opening its markets, it had created an imbalance in the economy. The resulting volatility threatened a return to the previous days of economic overheating. The employment numbers were good, but any disruption of current output woull change that immediately. Inflation, driven by overheating real estate and investment markets, was growing. These issues had to be resolved immediately. Through prudent monetary policy, inflation could be tamed. By implementing wise fiscal policy, expenses and debt could be reduced. In terms of fiscal policy, Iceland needed to adjust its approach so that the monetary policy could be adequately supported without resorting to continued and severe hikes in the interest rate. Simply, this meant tightening its budget maintenance, reducing its debt, and enhancing the environment for investment

Chemistry Energy Levels Essay Example for Free

Chemistry Energy Levels Essay The energy of the subshell increases as follows:4slt;4plt;4dlt;4f * â€Å"4s† has the greatest probability of being close to the nucleus * Subshells are limited to # of electrons they can hold ( 2 electrons per orbital) s=21s orbital d=105d orbital p=63p orbitals f=147f orbitals Assessment * How many p subshells are in the 4th energy level (n=4)? 34px 4py 4pz * What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy the 4p subshell? each p subshell can hold 2 electrons and therefore there are 3p orbitals with 2 electrons * What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy the 4th energy 322n2=2(4)2 =2(16) =32 Creating Energy Level Diagrams * Used to show the relative energies of electrons in various orbitals under normal conditions * Each orbital is indicated by a separate circle/square * All orbitals of a given subshell have the same energy. Ie. The 3p orbitals in the 3p sublevels have the same energy * The spacing between successive subshells decreases as the number of subshells increases overlapping of shells having different values of n. Assessment 1. How many d orbitals exist? 5 2. How many electrons can exist in the 3d orbitals? 10-2 in each of the 5d orbitals 3. How many electrons can exist in the n=2 level? 8-remember 2n2=2(2)2=8 4. How many electrons can one 4f orbital hold? 14-2 in each of the 7f orbitals 5. Which has a higher energy a px, py, or pz orbital? They all have the same energy. 6. Which electron can be found furthest from the nucleus:2s or 3s? 3s electrons 7. Which electrons can be found furthest from the nucleus:2s or 2p. 2p is further. Fig. 3. 19 Arrow Orbital Notation Aka Orbital Diagrams * Use circles or squares for the orbitals and arrows for the electrons * RULES: * The Aufbau Principal- electrons will occupy lowest available energy level * Pauli Exclusion Principal- no two electrons have the same quantum numbers * Hund’s Rule – electrons remain unpaired for as long as possible. Ex: One electrons goes in each Px, Py, Pz, before they start to pair up Fig 3. 21 Electron Configuration Provides the same information as an energy level diagram but in a more concise format. * Li: 1s2 2s1 C:1s2 2s2 2p2 * Ne: 1s2 2s2 2p? Use the following concept map to help to determine the filling order of the orbitals: * The similarity among elements within groups and the structure of the periodic table can be explained by electron configuration * Li: 1s2 2s1 * Na: 1s2 2s2 2p? 3s1 Short Hand Notation -Use symbol of noble gas with the same core electron configuration: Ex. Na [1s2 2s2 2p? ]3s1 Or [Ne] 3s1 Some unexpected Electron Configuration * Example: Cru and Cu Expected Actual Cr: [Ar] 4s2 3d? [Ar] 4s1 3d? Cu: [Ar] 4s2 3d? [Ar] 4s1 3d10 In each case, an electron is borrowed from the 4s subshell and placed in the 3d subshell. * Cr-3d subshell becomes half-filled * Cu-3d subshell becomes full * Half-filled and fully filled subshells tend to be more stable * Other expectations: Ag: [Kr] 4s2 3d10 Au: [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1 Explaining Ion Charges * Remember s electrons are lost before d electrons when dealing with transition metals. Ex1. Zn Zn: [Ar] 4s2 3d10 Zn2+: [Ar] 3d10 (4s electrons are lost so that the 3d orbital remains full) Ex2. Pb Pb: [Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p2 Pb2+: [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6p2 (The 6s electrons are lost) Pb4+: [Xe] 4f14 5d10 (The 6p electrons are lost as well as the 6s electrons) Quantum Numbers * Electron waves (orbitals) can be characterized by a set quantum numbers, n, l, ml, ms Principle quantum number (n): * Identifies the energy of an electron in an orbital * All orbitals that have the same value of n are said to be in the same shell * Range from n=1 to n=infinity * Determines the size of the electron wave how far the wave extends from the nucleus * As n increases the energies of the orbitals also increase Secondary quantum number (l): Divides the shells into smaller groups called subshells * n determines the values of l * for any given n, l may range from l=0 to l=n-1 * identifies the shape of the orbital Value of l| 0| 1| 2| 3| Letter designation| s(shape)| p(principle)| d(diffuse)| f(fundamental)| Magnetic quantum number (ml): * splits the subshells into individual orbits * identifies the orientation of the orbital * for any given value of l, ml has a value ranging from +l to –l * e. g. If l=0, ml=0; for l=1, ml=+1, 0, -1 which correspond to the x, y and z orientations of the p orbitals.

Social Construction Of Gender Cultural Studies Essay

Social Construction Of Gender Cultural Studies Essay Nortons anthology of Theory and Criticism is a collection of influential critical statements that are drawn from the classical era to the present times. These topic areas has been contributed by different scholars who have written on wide range of issues that covers different interest that touches on the history of poetics to post modernity. One of the topics that Norton looks at is criticism of Simone De Beauviors feminist argument and that of Judith Butlers on gender trouble. Judith book, Gender in trouble is a fictional account of womens issues in the modern societies. She borrows De beavouirs feminist theory to analyze some of the issue facing women today. Social construction of Gender Butler is a radical feminist who is trying to examine some of the foundational roots of gender identity that are culturally embedded within the fabrics of the society and is now characterized by political correctness. She was very much influenced by French writers such as Mitchell Foucault, Jean Sartre but above all Simone De Beauvoir. She draws much of her theoretical thinking on about feminism from De Beauviors concept on the Sex second. Simone de Beauvior was born and grew up in Paris in a wealthy and but very religious family background. He later the family lost their wealth after World War one. Her early childhood life was very much influence by her religious faith, but later turned atheist. Even during his formatting years, De beauvior displayed signs of intellectual prowess which hugely influenced his father. She managed to study mathematics, philosophy and literature, after which he ventured into the field of education. It is argued that beauvior engaged in a romantic relationship with both men and women. In her book, Sexuality, Existentialist feminism and the Second Sex, De beauvior talks about the whole use of feminist sexuality by referring to her own sexual experiences in the mandarins. She laments how womens sexuality has been social constructed by the patriarchal system and stereotypes to belong to the lower beds of the society. Unfortunately, mens perception of women is attributed by other factors such as race, class and religion. As a result, men refer to women as weaker vessel and used sex to confine them to the lower levels of the patriarchal system. In response, De beauvior comes up with the concept of feminist existentialism which contains ideological concepts and theoretical framework that underpins these moral changes. Gender as a choice In her book gender in trouble, Butler emphasizes on the performative nature of gender is constantly trying to free itself from cultural oppression, prejudice and sex perversions. Drawing from her role model, Butler argues along the lines of gender and sex in relation to women, lesbians and gay men. From this book, Butler argues that our understanding of femininity is actually based on cultural interpretation rather than scientific examinations. As a result our perceptions of gender and sex are socially constructed or dictated to by what our societies think, say or portray to us. She refers to the term gender as choice to criticize victimization of women as purported in classical literature. We cannot choose sex or our bodies but we can clothe it according to our cultural understanding. Thus, Beauvoirs theory has radicalized our cultural understanding of gender and gender roles. Beauvoir is one of the key feminist thinkers of the 19th century. She advocate for womens freedom in choosing what is right for them and not to be dictated to by nature or conventional social laws initiated by men. She further explains that women should not allow themselves to be defined by biological gender, rather on their personhood. Beavour argues that the societys reference to female becoming a woman is used to identify them with domestic chores and duties such as cooking, cleaning or being a wife or a mother. In addition, her concept of female becoming a woman encompasses the societys obsession with beauty that is being reinforced by male dominated media which also defines what is deemed to be appropriate modes of dressing. Butler explores the relationship between that exists between power and categories of sex and gender. Through this book, she attack some of the prevailing gender assumptions on womens social roles and sexuality as dictated to by male dominated society. Butler therefore reiterates that there is need to differentiate between biological make up of female body and cultural perception of gender. She uses her dominant theme concerning gender as normative to call upon the society to tackle the gender trouble head on in order to deal with some the existing subversive concepts of women. Conclusion Womens liberation thinking of the 19th century greatly influenced thinking of many scholars including academicians and literary writers. One of those literary writers who were not spared by feminist movement was Simone De Beavouir, French intellectual who found her feet in America. Her move to America enabled her to develop a free mind as she embarked on her literary journey. De beavour used her own sexual experience to develop her feminist theory. Today, her feminism theory is being used widely by other postmodern writers an tool for developing independent feminist thinking. One of those post modern feminist writers is Judith butlers who have drawn much of her ideas from De beavour thought of feminist liberation. Through, her book Butler argues that the society in general need to come up with new ways of dealing gender and sex, by tackling what she calls gender trouble.

On Ibsens A Dolls House :: Ibsens A Dolls House

On Ibsen's A Doll's House Author: Ian Johnston Those of you who have just read A Doll's House for the first time will, I suspect, have little trouble forming an initial sense of what it is about, and, if past experience is any guide, many of you will quickly reach a consensus that the major thrust of this play has something to do with gender relations in modern society and offers us, in the actions of the heroine, a vision of the need for a new-found freedom for women (or a woman) amid a suffocating society governed wholly by unsympathetic and insensitive men. I say this because there is no doubt that A Doll's House has long been seen as a landmark in our century's most important social struggle, the fight against the dehumanizing oppression of women, particularly in the middle-class family. Nora's final exit away from all her traditional social obligations is the most famous dramatic statement in fictional depictions of this struggle, and it helped to turn Ibsen (with or without his consent) into an applauded or vilified champion of women's rights and this play into a vital statement which feminists have repeatedly invoked to further their cause. So in reading responses to and interpretations of this play, one frequently comes across statements like the following: Patriarchy's socialization of women into servicing creatures is the major accusation in Nora's painful account to Torvald of how first her father, and then he, used her for their amusement. . . how she had no right to think for herself, only the duty to accept their opinions. Excluded from meaning anything, Nora has never been subject, only object. (Templeton 142). Furthermore, if we go to see a production of this play (at least among English-speaking theatre companies), the chances are we will see something based more or less on this interpretative line: heroic Nora fighting for her freedom against oppressive males and winning out in the end by her courageous final departure. The sympathies will almost certainly be distributed so that our hearts are with Nora, however much we might carry some reservations about her leaving her children. Now, this construction certainly arises from what is in the play, and I don't wish to dismiss it out of hand. However, today I would like to raise some serious question about or qualifications to it. I want to do so because this vision of A Doll's House has always struck me as oversimple, as, in some sense, seriously reductive, an approach that removes from the play much of its complexity and almost all its mystery and power. On Ibsen's A Doll's House :: Ibsen's A Doll's House On Ibsen's A Doll's House Author: Ian Johnston Those of you who have just read A Doll's House for the first time will, I suspect, have little trouble forming an initial sense of what it is about, and, if past experience is any guide, many of you will quickly reach a consensus that the major thrust of this play has something to do with gender relations in modern society and offers us, in the actions of the heroine, a vision of the need for a new-found freedom for women (or a woman) amid a suffocating society governed wholly by unsympathetic and insensitive men. I say this because there is no doubt that A Doll's House has long been seen as a landmark in our century's most important social struggle, the fight against the dehumanizing oppression of women, particularly in the middle-class family. Nora's final exit away from all her traditional social obligations is the most famous dramatic statement in fictional depictions of this struggle, and it helped to turn Ibsen (with or without his consent) into an applauded or vilified champion of women's rights and this play into a vital statement which feminists have repeatedly invoked to further their cause. So in reading responses to and interpretations of this play, one frequently comes across statements like the following: Patriarchy's socialization of women into servicing creatures is the major accusation in Nora's painful account to Torvald of how first her father, and then he, used her for their amusement. . . how she had no right to think for herself, only the duty to accept their opinions. Excluded from meaning anything, Nora has never been subject, only object. (Templeton 142). Furthermore, if we go to see a production of this play (at least among English-speaking theatre companies), the chances are we will see something based more or less on this interpretative line: heroic Nora fighting for her freedom against oppressive males and winning out in the end by her courageous final departure. The sympathies will almost certainly be distributed so that our hearts are with Nora, however much we might carry some reservations about her leaving her children. Now, this construction certainly arises from what is in the play, and I don't wish to dismiss it out of hand. However, today I would like to raise some serious question about or qualifications to it. I want to do so because this vision of A Doll's House has always struck me as oversimple, as, in some sense, seriously reductive, an approach that removes from the play much of its complexity and almost all its mystery and power.

Influencing Others In Business Environments Essay -- essays research p

Influencing Others in Business Environments Throughout human civilization, the art of selling ideas or products has been a cornerstone of society. Some people have become masters at this art, yielding themselves and their companies large amounts of profit. Why is it that some people are better at this than others? This paper will take a look at the various aspects of nonverbal communication in selling (or influencing others to buy) and in job interviews by examining in detail the various aspects of proximics, haptics, physical attractiveness, and other nonverbal cues that influence people to say yes. Artifacts and local environment Several studies have presented evidence in support of the theory that "dressing for success" affects one's ability to influence other people. One study found that people dressed in suits versus people dressed in casual or working-class clothes actually affects a subject's likelihood of answering a question correctly. In this study, a person dressed in a suit had a 77% percent chance of getting money returned to them, while those dressed casually or in working outfits had a 38% chance (Bickman, 1971). This study suggests that a person's status affects how well they are received by the person they are trying to influence, and thus their likelihood of being able to influence them into buying an idea or product. Seating arrangements can affect ones ability to influence others. Seating arrangements that are closer to one another have a greater effect and lead to a less hostile environment than when people are seated opposite of one another (Sommer, 1967). Sommer found that when a relationship is of a competitive nature (i.e. bargaining situations such as labor contract agreements) there is a preference for this style of seating because it "reflects a desire to obtain information about one's competitor." Another study suggested round tables help to "increase informality and feelings of closeness in comparision to square or rectangular tables" (Sommer, 1965). Dawson (1986) suggested having the members of the negotiation dispersed, that is, have intermixing the opposing members together helps smooth over negotiations. Placing artifacts in the negotiating environment can have affects on the negotiation. A flower, vas... ...a presentation. Various studies have shown that a person becomes more willing to "sign petitions or complete questionnaires, to assist with scoring inventories, and to help an interviewer pick up dropped questionnaires" (Crusco, 1984). Hence, the shaking of hands at the beginning of a business meeting to facilitate good will and cooperation (Dawson, 1986). Conclusion The role of nonverbal communication within business meetings should not be over-rated. Nonverbal behavior does play a role and can help with success in negotiations, but is not the be all, end all to negotiating successfully. However, being aware of violating someone's personal zone or knowing when to be quiet is as important as knowing what to say. In general, more successful persuaders were found to be smiling, nodding, and gesturing at appropiate moments during a business meeting or job interview (Edinger, 1983). What is important to remember is to know when to use these various cues to your advantage, and to know not to overuse them. Specific research in this field was difficult to find, and more research is needed before greater and more detailed conclusions can be drawn.

What Dreams May Come Essay -- Film Movies Review Life After Death Essa

What Dreams May Come The movie What Dreams May Come gives a rather positive view on the afterlife. I think most of the ideas and views shown in the film are related to many of society's main beliefs pertaining to death and the afterlife, but the views are left broad enough so they can relate to any specific religion. Personally, I have no concrete belief concerning the afterlife, or whether or not if there even is life after death, but I can see why many people would agree with many of the films perspectives. The movie is shown through Robin Williams's character, Chris Nielson who's first personal encounter with death is when his two children, Marie and Ian both die in a car accident. Four years later he dies himself after being hit by a car. After the accident, he sees himself on the ground from an outside perspective. The next thing he knows, he is able to see himself lying in a hospital bed, and at the same time there is a very gentle voice talking to him asking him if he understands the things happen ing to him, but at this point Chris is still very confused. In an instant, Chris is at his own funeral where he begins to see his physical body appearing around him. According to the voice means he is finally understanding that he has passed on. He then wanders his house, and is reluctant to leave his distraught wife Annie. Next, a blurry figure appears, speaking with the same gentle voice. The figure comforts him and tells him it is time to leave and basically helps him grasp his death and travel to the next world. Afterwards, Chris is willing to leave, and he suddenly finds himself running down a dark tunnel towards a light, and then he appears in a colorful world resembling one of his wife's paintings of where their dream house is supposed to be. Here, he is reunited with his dog who had died earlier in the movie. Also, the blurry figure becomes clear and turns out to be his old doctor friend Albert, who later turns out to be Chris?s son Ian just masking himself in the physical body of Albert. This form is chosen by his son because the doctor was one of the only people Chris had ever listened to while he was alive. Albert(Ian) basically helps him understand that he is dead and that people have a soul or an identity that lives on after the physical body has passed. He learns that there is a God, and he learns of this new realm, and how everyth... ...y of your significant life experiences is constantly detectable throughout the entire film. Mainly after Chris goes to his version of heaven, and also when he sees his daughter and she has her heaven based on a toy model she had in her physical life. Another example is when she tells him her new physical appearance is based on what he had said when they were both alive. Overall, I thought this movie was pretty entertaining, especially with all the special effects. I even think the ideas about the afterlife are pretty idealistic, but I see no solid reason to believe any of it. Any part of this movie could be possible, because I(like everyone else) do not know for sure what happens after we die. However, if there is one part I can find believable, it is the first half. The part when Robin Williams first dies up to when he travels through the tunnel, because it relates to so many peoples? near death experiences. I still think this movie left too many questions, but I would like the afterlife to be like what the movie portrayed, because I don?t plan on killing myself anytime soon, and it would be nice to know that I am going to still exist after I die and be reunited with my family.