HIV and AIDS: Public Safety vs. Civil Liberties Essay -- Sexually Tra

When a nation is faced with a deadly epiphytotic does the country have the right to suspend individuals rights in order to better protect the welfare of the connection? This debate has emerged across the U.S. many have implemented quarantines with regards to h1n1 virus and other contagious, potentially deadly diseases. This includes but is not limited to isolating individuals infected, closing schools, and shutting down public transport systems. Others are considering enacting new and controversial rules. Since the outbreak of the new flu strain, Massachusetts legislators have sought to pass a law that would allow officials to detain or quarantine someone even when there is uncertainty over the soulfulnesss exposure to contagious disease. Other states have adopted similar laws in recent eld (Efarti 1). These laws can give states the right to contain persons, violating individual rights for the betterment of society. With the government having the ability to quarantine patients i nfected with potentially harmful diseases on questions the rights the individual has. dirty dog the country detain human immunodeficiency virus victims so that the disease will be eliminated? Should the county detain these infected persons for the safety of the community? This issue is constantly debated by presenting community safety and personal rights in America one can better understand societal nature. Living with HIV is a constant battle, with the disease, self, others, and government. If one contrasts HIV there are legal ramifications one must abide too. Each state is different, this paper will explain the laws of, Wisconsin and any legal obligations a person with HIV/AIDS must follow. Once getting an HIV test whether one gets a confidential or anonymous test, know that... ...p//www.hsolc.org/policies/childcare/communicable-disease-protocol.2)Efarti, Amir. national Safety v. Civil Liberties Health Crisis Leads to New Case. TheWallStreetJournal.com. 7 May 2009. Web. 15 Feb. 2011. .3)Gallant, Joel E. 100 Questions & Answers about HIV and AIDS. Sudbury, MA Jones and Bartlett, 2009. Print.4)PHILA.GOV Welcome to the City of Philadelphia. Internet memorial Wayback Machine. Web. 01 Nov. 2011. .5)STD Lawsuits Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs), Herpes, HIV Lawsuit. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs), Herpes, HIV Lawsuit. Web. 01 Nov. 2011. .6)Wisconsin State Law., art. 252, sec. 1-400. Print.

The Usefulness of Functionalism for an Understanding of the Family Essa

The Usefulness of Functionalism for an Understanding of the Family Functionalists focus on the roles of the family as an institution and its interaction with other institutions, such as the symmetry of functions the family has to perform compared to those that other institutions such as schools and the NHS perform. Functionalism sees the use of the family in society and how it can take pressure from the government by becoming an almost strung-out institution that will foster support its own members. George Murdock analysed 250 societies and studied the purpose of the family, he came up with a final definition that the family performs several main functions. These functions help the individuals within the family Murdock believed the functions are sexual, educational, economic and reproductive. However, Murdock did not consider that the family may have a detrimental affect on members of the family as he seemed to assume that any families are harmonious and do not have any arguments or problems. He also overlooked alterna...

Saving American Agriculture Essay -- Agriculture Agricultural Economic

Saving American AgricultureAmerican agriculture has changed dramatically since the first days of mechanized equipment and big crop production. Many conceived of res publica as a rewarding life . . . and a source of moral virtue (Mariola, 2005). While presently, many view farming as purely economic in purpose. It has been stated that farming in America is decreasing more quickly than any other occupation. Yet, population increases steadily, fashioning agriculture all the more essential. Many current issues are affecting agricultural progress in America basic concerns over water, land, and climate completely begin to describe the complex predicament. Economics, as well as public involvement and education are important tools, needed to save American agriculture. water is the chief resource for agricultural production. One historical dilemma between farming and water occurs when misapplication of chemicals and nutrients leach into the ground water table, or cause off to rivers and streams, polluting this vital resource. Twenty-five years after the Clean Water Act (CWA) was passed . . . it was reported that nearly 40% of waters were too polluted for basic uses (Secchi et al, 2005). Projects to reconstruct and conserve water often prove complex and expensive. Comprehensive understanding of the opportunity costs involved in management projects is key to forming an efficient preservation strategy. Similarly, it will be imperative to transition out-dated agricultural attitudes and routines towards new sustainable practices. The greatest motivation for this shift may be in the form of political sympathies subsidies and rewards for progressive, sustainable water management practices on agricultural lands. Favorable climate is another key... ...3. Secchi, S., Gassman, P.W., Jha, M., Kurkalova, L., Feng, H.H., Campbell, T., & Kling, C. (2005). The cost of clean water Assessing agricultural pollution reduction at the watershed scale. Center for Agricultural and Rura l Development, Retrieved March 26, 2007, from http//www.card.iastate.edu Lamptey, B.L., Barron, E.J., & Pollard, D. (2005). Impacts of agriculture and urbanization on the climate of the northeastern United States. Global and Planetary Change. 49, 203-221. Cox, L.A. Jr., Popken, D.A., VanSickle, J.J., & Sahu, R. (2005). Optimal introduce and Testing of U.S. and Canadian Herds for BSE A Value-of-Information (VOI) Approach. Risk Analysis, 25, 827-839. Hwang, Y., Roe, B., & Teisl, M. (2005). An Empirical Analysis of United States Consumers Concerns About Eight Food Production and Processing Technologies. AgBioForum. 8(1), 40-49.

Brown vs. The Board of Education of Topeka 1954 :: essays research papers

Brown vs. The Board of Education of Topeka1954Oliver Brown and 12 other plaintiffs (names undisclosed) brought suit against the Board of Education with the help of the NAACP (National Association for the improvement of Colored People).During this time in history segregation existed in some facets of our educational system. In the state of Kansas, to be more precise Topeka, segregation was sovereign among elementary schools.A group consisting of Oliver Brown and 12 other parents (20 children involved) wanted equal educational rights and do away with segregation among the school system. Each mortal was to look for enrollment dates at the white schools in their neighborhood and take their children to be admitted. The all white school refused to enroll them because of their race. The families then reported to the NAACP, who they prevail recruited to help in this legal matter. The Board of Education was in direct violation of the 14th Amendment of the Constitution, which guarantees a ll citizens equal protection under the law, bragging(a) cause to file a class action suit.Oliver Brown was designated as the leader of the group because during this time men were dominant in society, having more violence than women. On February 28, 1951, the NAACP filed their case against The Board of Education, naming it Oliver L. Brown et. al. Vs. The Board of Education of Topeka (KS). The District court ruled against Brown, resulting in an appeal to the Supreme approach of the United States. When this case made it to the Supreme Court, it was combined with other like cases from Delaware, South Carolina, Virginia, and Washington, D.C. These combined cases became known as Oliver L. Brown, et. at. Vs. The Board of Education of Topeka, et. al. On whitethorn 17, 1954 at 1252 p.m. the United States Supreme Court decided unanimously that The Board of Education acted unconstitutionally and that they violated the 14th Amendment by garbled children if for no other reason than for their race.In the end, not only did the African Americans receive a victory in this aspect of the civil rights movement they alike received the memory of this victory in the form of a historical site.

Leadership And Management Essay -- Business Leadership Management

In todays world economy companies come and go every single day. It takes good strong leadership and prudence to guide an organization to success. While many people consider management and leadership to be synonymous they are in reality two assorted concepts. A person can be a good leader but if he does not know how to manage a party that company will be destined to fail. Also if a person had great management skills but lacks in leadership no matter how good he is if he can not lead his employees towards the goal then it is a failed attempt at success. Management is considered a job description whereas leadership is considered a trait. In this paper we will differentiate between management and leadership. We will also examine how leaders create and maintain a healthy organizational culture. As stated before management and le adership are two different concepts. Wikipedia defines management as the process of leading and directing all or part of an organization, often a business, through the deployment and manipulation of resources. In the world of business, management can be stated as a pursuit towards an overall goal that is effective and efficient. Also management is the ability to integrate works from different workforces through planning, and organizing. Ultimately management is a theory that is put into radiation pattern by a team to create a successful organization. The individuals in these teams are known as managers. It is the job of these individuals to guide a company towards the goal. To decently manage it takes a set of functions to make the organization su... ... concerns with process (leadership, 2005). In closing it is up to management to make sure that the plans and processes are in place, and it is up to the leaders that have the leadership abilities to act on those plans and use th ose processes. Works CitedManagement. (2005). Retrieved Nov. 14, 2005, from Management entanglement site http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management.Leadership. (2005). Retrieved Nov. 14, 2005, from leadership Web site http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/leadership.orgainzation culture. (2005). Retrieved Nov. 14, 2005, from orgainzation culture Web site http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_culture.

Nuclear Power Plants :: essays research papers

Nuclear PlantsThe question of whether the U.S. should have nuclear power plants is very controversial. There are two sides that one can organise however, both sides have their own share of problems. If you chose to not have nuclear plants, then eventually all natural resources depart run out. The oil allow will run out relatively soon, and all other sources will run out too. The natural resources that we have now are still unwholesome to the earth however. The gas which we use for our cars pollutes the air and considering the amount of cars the are driven each day, it is ripping apart the o-zone layer. However, if the U.S. does decide to use nuclear plants, then there is a great danger of toxic waste invading our rivers, and also the chance of a spill similar to Chernobyl. As we saw in the Chernobyl video, there is great danger when using nuclear energy. If this were to happen is the United States, the risk of mortality is much higher because the areas in which there would be a plant such as a big city are very densely populated. Because of these facts, I do not think that the U.S. should revitalize its efforts to develop more nuclear plants. The United States should put the money which they would have used in order to re upstart their power plants, and use it to research others ship canal of receiving power. For example, if the U.S. developed solar power more and made it less costly, as well are more convenient for the average person, then there would be no more problems. In the past century many advances have been made in terms of energy. Power plants became the main source of energy, and towards the end of the century, new advances have been made such as solar power. I predict that in the upcoming century, many new advances will be made which will benefit the human race enormously.If these advances are made, than the U.S. will not have to spend billions of dollars towards building plants but rather use the money for more global issues.

Functions of Mass Communication

Wright (1960) characterizes seven functions of muckle communication that offer insight into its subprogram in our lives. * Surveillance. The archetypical function of band communication is to serve as the eyes and ears for those of us curbking information ab turn up our world. When we want to find out the latest news about whats happening, we can turn on the television, surf the internet, or read a newspaper or magazine. We rely on mass communication for news and information about our daily lives such as the weather, stock reports, or the start time for a game.What was one of the first things you did after you heard about the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center? More than likely, you were glued to the Internet or your television waiting for exposit about the disaster. In fact, your authors campus closed down to allow people to stay at home to collect information and be with loved ones, even though our campus is located on the other side of the country. * Correlation. Corr elation addresses how the media present facts that we use to move through the world. The information we get through mass communication is not objective and without bias.The grandmother of a friend of your authors stated that the information she heard on the radio, had to be true because it was on the radio. This statement begs the question, how credible are the media? do-nothing we consume media without questioning motive and agenda? Someone selects, arranges, interprets, edits, and critiques the information we see. A friend of your authors has a brother who edits for a major reality TV show. When asked if what we see if a fair representation of what really happens, the person who does the editing simply laughed and said no. * Sensationalization.There is an old saying in the news industry-if it bleeds, it leads that highlights the approximation of sensationalization. Sensationalization is when the media puts forward the most sensational messages to titillate consumers. Elliot pos es some interesting food for thought Media managers think in terms of consumers rather than citizens. Good journalism sells, provided unfortunately, bad journalism sells as well. And, bad journalism-stories that simply repeat government claims or that reinforce what the public wants to hear instead of offering independent insurance coverage -is cheaper and easier to produce (2004, . 35).* Entertainment. Mass media provide us with an escape from daily routines and problems by entertaining us (Zillmann & Bryant, 1986, p. 303). Media like People Magazine and E-TV keep us up to date on the doings of our favorite celebrities. We watch sports on television, go to the movies, play video games, and get word to our ipods and radios. Most mass communication simultaneously entertains and informs. We a lot turn to media in our leisure time to provide an escape from our boredom and relief from the predictability of our everyday lives.We rely on media to take us places we could not return to go or imagine, acquaint us with bits of culture, and make us laugh or cry. Entertainment can have the secondary effect of providing companionship and/or catharsis through the media we consume. * Transmission. Mass media is a vehicle to transmit cultural norms, values, rules, and habits. Consider how you learned about what is fashionable to wear or what music to listen to. Mass media plays a significant role in the socialization process. We look for role models to display appropriate cultural norms, but all too often, we do not recognize inappropriate or stereotypical behavior.We start shopping, dressing, smelling, walking, and talking like the person in the music video, commercial, or movies. Why would soft sup companies pay Christina Aguilera or Mariah Carey millions of dollars to sell their products? Have you ever bought a pair of shoes or changed your hairstyle because of something you encountered in the media? Obviously, culture, age, type of media, and other cultural variable s factor into how mass communication influences how we learn and perceive our culture. * Mobilization. Mass communication functions to mobilize people during times of crisis (McQuail, 1994).Think back to 9/11. Regardless of your political preferences, we mourned as a nation and rallied around national pride and patriotism during this time of crisis. Using our earlier example, your authors campus decided to suspend classes to allow the campus community time to mourn the hurt of fellow citizens. With instant access to media and information, we can collectively witness the same events taking place in real time somewhere else, thus mobilizing a large population of people around a particular event.The rising popularity of political websites such as moveon. rg is another key example of the use of mass communication to mobilize people for political action. * Validation. Mass communication functions to validate the status and norms of particular individuals, movements, organizations, or pr oducts. The validation of particular people or groups serves to levy social norms (Lazarsfeld & Merton, 1971). If you think about most television dramas and sitcoms, who are the primary characters? What gender and ethnicity are the majority of the stars? What gender and ethnicity are those that play criminals or those considered irregular?The media validates particular cultural norms while diminishing differences and variations from those norms. A great deal of criticism focuses on how certain groups are promoted, and others marginalized by how they are portrayed in mass media. Given the power of the various functions of mass communication, we need to be reflective about its presence in our lives (McLuhan & Fiore, 1967). We will now turn our maintenance to the study of mass communication by looking at what mass communication scholars study, and how they study it.

Different Research Methods Essay

When it succeeds to their wellness, take iners always know best. (Workers Health transnational Newsletter No. 42). Analyse the different research regularitys that unions and hiters use to identify blow health caused by work.IntroductionThe topic I have chosen to look into for this assignment will be When it comes to their health, workers always know best. (Workers Health International Newsletter No. 42). Analyse the different research systems that unions and workers use to identify ill health caused by work. I have chosen to look into this topic to cast what different research methods are out there and what kind of information we lot gather from them. I will do this by analysing and evaluating each(prenominal) known method, and then establishing which is more suit adequate for my own workplace.I intend to be able to use some of these research methods on my members and in my workplace, to see if there are whatever potential put on the lines in the workplace. afterwards t rying out some of these research methods I will collate the selective information and if an appear is raised create a plan of action to eliminate the problem. I also intend to share my findings with my members and present this info at the next health and safety meeting.What types of research method is there?A simple research method would be to look and listen by this I mean remark your surroundings, listen to members concerns, check things like the accident book or has there been a number of claims? Another type of research can be to do comparisons between different things in the workplace for example does one area have more accidents then another or does an area have extra hazards compared to others. A really useful research method for trying to find out if there is a specific health problem with your work is proboscis mapping. Body mapping is a way of identifying common patterns of health problems amongst workers in a particular workplace or doing the same job.Whilst it is no t certain that any such common ailments are work-related, it highlights areas for further investigation. A similar technique is risk of exposure mapping/hazard mapping where instead of highlighting areas of pain on the organic structure like a body map does this highlights risks on a map of the workplace. From this map you will be able to build up a clear up picture of where the hazards lie in the workplace.One of the most popular types of research is to do a survey, this may be because there are dozens of different ways you can do surveys and you can tailor them to be as specific as you want. You dont even have to come up with the questionnaire yourself as there are a lot of pre made ones online which may fulfil your needs. Another research method is to examine records to see if you can find any anomalies or similarities in the data. Records can range from asbestos registers to pesticide passports.Pros and cons of research methodsBody mappingOne of the pros of body mapping is that it is a simple jump signal point to be able to identify health problems within the workforce. Another utility is that it is very easy to set up, and very quick to be able to participate in, even those with disabilities and those who are not English speaking can partake, which should encourage people to take part. The results can be swiftly obtained, and are clear and easy to present to management. A strength of using this method is that it can raise health and safety awareness in the workplace, and then finally body mapping can be anonymous, hopefully encouraging more members to get involved.A weakness of the body mapping method is that it is only a starting signal point for investigation, and it is hard to pin down to work issues, and so you would need to follow it up with different research methods, for example surveys and discussions to try and highlight what the hazard may be. A disadvantage is that all employees who have taken part would need to do the same job in orde r for the data to work or you have to do multiple body maps (the hazards may vary from job to job).SurveysOne of the advantages of using the survey method is that it can be conveyed in multiple ways, such as email, internet, paper or post. This style of research makes it easy to target large populations of people. Another pro is that the survey can be as specific or general as you like, dependent upon the questions you wish to ask. You can ask open questions which will give you detailed responses, or unopen questions which are quick to interpret data from and you will get fast results.By using this method you can repeatedly use the same survey over a period of time to assess any changes that may be taking place. A disadvantage of this method is that survey design a great deal requires special skills from the researcher in sampling proper question design and analysis. Another weakness is open questions can create a lot of data which is time consuming to analyse and it may also put people off participating. Surveys might not be accessible to all members, such as foreign workers or people with disabilities. Another drawback is that it is difficult to get people to participate as it takes too much time to complete or they cannot be bothered. danger mappingBy using the risk mapping method, it can highlight to workers any potential hazards that they may be exposed to, and any physical, chemical or biological problems that might arise when doing the job. Workplace risk mapping is a technique where workers can get together to get these concerns down on paper. This approach takes the control away from experts like health and safety professionals, by using the knowledge of workers and acknowledging the essential contribution they make, and are developed from everyday experiences. Risk maps can be enhanced if the hazards are coded using colours or symbols, it may even be possible to match these codes to areas with body mapping results. An advantage of using this metho d is that it can allow workers to keep track of managements activities to remedy the hazards the map has identified.A disadvantage of the risk mapping method is workers may lack interest in the process, and wish to ignore hazards in their work area, especially if they have been doing the job for a long time, not need to change from what they have been doing (they may be scared of change). A weakness can be seen to be employers not enforcing the findings of the risk mapping, therefore encouraging members to work unsafely. There could be an issue with members not wanting to take part due to a worry of pressure from management to get the job do. A weakness could be that if there is a lack of commitment from employers once issues have been highlighted, there could be a delay in the risk being removed or controlled.Conclusion and recommendationsAfter analysing various types of research methods, it is clear that no method is perfect. It seems that depending upon the type of data require d, this may determine which method is best to be rolled out. Even the possibility that one research method might not be enough to get all data required (the body mapping method may only be a starting point), and so more than one method may be suitable in certain cases. From analysing this data, when approaching the workforce it may be better to use more than one approach in order to accurately report potential risks to management. This approach will not only make the data more precise, but also make the case more conclusive. After looking into all the different research methods I intend to recommend that either the TU or the company, or both utilise some of the research methods, starting with body mapping and leading on from there to other techniques.

Medicine is the biggest epidemic in our time’ was Ivan Illich a prophet or a rumor monger Essay

Ivan Illich was an Austrian philosopher, very popular for his of contribution of theories on the concept of medical examization. He has published many books on medicalization and has presented to a wider public the notion of iatrogenic disease. Medicine is a major therapy tool in loving life and without proper medication human life could be highly constrained by many diseases surrounding it. Ivan Illich has had a contribution in the field of medicalization as a philosopher by constructing theories that various medics have followed in their practice. Iatrogenesis is a term that is utilise to refer an illness that come from medical activity and outweighs any positive benefit of music. Iatrogenesis was introduced into loving science by Illich. According to Illich, iatrogenesis had adverse opinions on the industrial society as it enhanced the corruption, incapacitated individuals and limited freedom in an industrial set up. Illich outlined three major types of iatrogenesis, these atomic number 18 clinical, social and cultural iatrogenesis. Illich has theorized various ideas in medicalization and society.This essay will point out some theories that highlight whether Illich was a seer or a rumormonger in society and show some evidence base on his approaches in medicalization. The essay will as well focus on the notion of iatrogenesis and statistics that has been conducted in the UK based on statistics. Finally, the essay will show some assumptions of Illich on medicalization and also how iatrogenesis can be impedeed in society.According to statistics in the UK, it indicates that the estimation of 215,000 stopping points every(prenominal) year have been caused by iatrogenic, whereby cancer and the heart disease ar seen to be causing more deaths in every year(Shaffer, Philips, &Enzer, 2009, p.241). Iatrogenic effects in several(prenominal) cases are fully defined and can be recognized easily, for instance those complications that need a surgical procedure. However, the less obvious complications need crucial investigation to recognize, such as difficult drug interactions.Ivan Illich who was a researcher and a multilingual prolific writer on issues related to society and medicine attributed his concepts of medicalization and proposed his views towards the modern medicine in the society. Illich argued that the notion of medicine had deprived individuals and society of their capacity to cope with sickness and death (Basford, Lynn & Oliver Slevin, 2003, p.122). Therefore, based on Illich, iatrogenesis cannot be unsounded unless it is seen specifically medical manifestation of particular counter productivity. Illich in that respectfore points out main three levels of iatrogenesis. The first level is the clinical iatrogenesis, this whereby the injury is depicted to the patients by unproductive, toxic and insecure treatment to the patients. The second level is the social iatrogenesis, which comes as a result of medicalization of life, an d thirdly cultural iatrogenesis, which comes as a result of the terminal of traditional ways of dealing with and making sense of death, pain and illness. Based on the evidence in his plant of medicine described for over twenty dollar bill years, it is noted that Illich was not a rumormonger, but a philosophical prophet, based on his predictions and research on the concept of iatrogenesis.Ivan Illich has traced contemporary idea of the issue of pandemic in the societal context and this notion has greatly focused on the main assumptions that lead to that epidemic. Based on his ideas, he argued on the progressing views on medicine, there is an empowerment model that has evolved out of the realization of epidemic and, therefore, patients cannot be forced to follow a lifestyle dictated by others towards the problem of medicalization.Based on Ivan Illichs theories on his perspectives towards natural wellness, medicine undermines wellness of individuals not only based directly on aggres sion, but also over the impact of its social organization on the milieu. On that context, when the medical damage to the health of an individual is produced based on the sociopolitical mode of transmission. Thus, according to Illich, social iatrogenesis is designated in all impairments on regard to health that specifically to those socio-economic revolutions which have been made pretty, probable, or essential by the formal shape health care has taken (Kazer, 2008, p.209). Thus, based on his views towards the medicalization, the assumptions that erupt prevail that Illich was one person in the society who was seen as a prophet. Most people considered his ideas more especially his aspects on the iatrogenesis and through his impolite minded on the society, they regard his views to be those of a prophet.The iatrogenic death has become the third leading cause of death in the UK, surpassing the death by stroke. Based on different sources indicate that, between 200,000 and 250, 000 people are reported to die each year from Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR) in the hospital setting (Kazer, 2008, p.289). On the same note, it is seen that deaths by ADRs kills over five times as the illegal combined in every year and that is the closely conservative estimate that is outlined. Thus, the prescription drug Vioxx kills an estimate of 60,00 people by cardiac arrest alone and this figure does not reflect and government note for any other fatal side effects such as the internal bleeding. In most cases, medicine undermines health and this is not only based on direct aggression against individuals but it has also an impact on the social organization on the total milieu. Therefore, medical damage to the individual health is enacted by the social iatrogenesis. This defines all the deficiencies that subdue to health and are due precisely to those socio-economic revolutions that have been made impressive, possible by the established shape health care.Iatrogenesis has many dimensions as per Ivan Illichs concept. The undesirable side-effects of approved, mistaken, callous or contra-indicated technical contacts with the medical system represent only first level of pathogenic medicine. The opinion of people that they cannot cope with illness without modern medicines reinforces and lays the ground for iatrogenesis by surrendering themselves to the doctors.According to Illich, he illustrates that the social iatrogenesis is not yet acknowledged as a bodied etiology of sickness. He outlines that the diagnosis often serves as a means of turning political grievances besides the stress of growth into needs for more remedies that are just more of its expensive and demanding outputs, the industrial system would lose one of its major defenses. On the same note, responsiveness of the extent to which iatrogenic ill health is politically-communicated would shake the basics of medical power much more deeply than any catalogue of medicines technical faults. Based on this fact, his works and ideas portray the assumption of his research and these shows that he was not a rumourmonger but can be seen as a prophet in several aspects since his predictions indicated the notion of reality.Iatrogenesis designates a condition of illness, disease, injury or hostile health brought upon a patient as an indirect or direct result of medical diagnosis or cure. Therefore, when iatrogenesis gets into pain, there are numerous common varieties of iatrogenesis, that subsidize to the on-set of symptoms, as well as the dissemination and worsening of existing conditions. Acute surgical pain is followed by insistent pain in 10-50% of individuals after mutual operations, such as breast and thoracic surgery, groin hernia repair, and coronary artery bypass surgery leg amputation (Gould, Brooker& Gould, 2008, p.167). Iatrogenic complications are very common most people who are affected are the elderly than the young patients. These complications overwhelm the adverse effects as the i nteractions, falls, nosocomial infections, Pressure ulcers and other relevant complications to surgery, however, prevention is often possible, (Odea& Erikson, 2010, p.341). For example, the large percentage that is affected is the men. The statistics indicate that women live all-night than women, however, the spend most of their lives with different disparities. The smoking rates between women in UK were slightly low compared to men, thus women smoke 25.1% while men 31.2%.The initial maltreat in stoppage is to categorize patients at high risk in order to know the way forward in which to help that particular individual. insecurity factors may include the following. Prevention is the most crucial factor and determining the effective way to prevent such assumption is to overlook on that factors that go to such infections. After full recognition of that factors, focusing on the proper measures that should be taken into consideration to avoid those elements that affect the situation (Miller, 2013, p.178). Thus, interventions that can prevent iatrogenic complications may include the following addressing proper medication to the patient by relying on primary evidence.In conclusion, Illich can be considered a prophet and not a rumourmonger. A prophet according to religion is a person who can tell about the future. This declaration has evolved from a number of his assumptions on medicine and his approaches towards the medicalization that are entirely based on his research of over twenty years. For instance, in UK there are several individuals who die of diseases linked to the effect of iatrogenesis in every year. This aspect is seen to affect the elderly people more than the young. Illichs views on medicalization are shown to be very significant to the society as they enlightened individuals to be aware of some aspects that lead to iatrogenesis. With the evidence on health system, his philosophies are examined to be very significant in society since they in the fi rst place focused on the main areas that analyze medicalization. His predictions in several aspects support his research on the health systems in society and this fully defines him as a prophet. It has been documented that no substantial addition to life expectancy or the quality of life critically ill patients has been achieved by high tech hail medical technology. As a contrast, there are many medical interventions, which are simple, cheap and often without any need of medicine yet are quite effective. However, such simple remedies are often neglect or ignored altogether. medicalization encourages our dependence on professional care, and on medical drugs.ReferencesBasford, L. & Oliver S. 2003. Theory and exercise of Nursing An Integrated Approach to Patient Care. Cheltenham, U.K Nelson Thornes.Gould, D., Brooker, C., & Gould, D. 2008. Infection prevention and control applied microbiology for healthcare. Basingstoke England, Palgrave Macmillan.Kazer, M. W. 2008. Essentials of ger ontological nursing. red-hot York, Springer.Miller, A. B. 2013. Epidemiologic studies in cancer prevention and screening. New York, NY, Springer.ODea, J. A., &Eriksen, M. P. 2010.Childhood obesity prevention international research, controversies, and interventions. Oxford U.K, Oxford University Press.Shaffer, D., Philips, I., &Enzer, N. B. 2009.Prevention of mental disorders, alcohol, and other drug use in children and adolescents. Rockville, Md. (5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville 20857), The Office.Source document

Statments of Problems and Primary Source Evidence

Following the Civil War white southeners restricted African Americans freedom -Louisana Black Codes Reinstate Provision of The Slace Era, 1865, pg. 6 Lucy McMillian, A Former Slave in South Carolina, Tesitifes About White Violence, 1871, pg. 13 During the late ordinal century the American west expirnced significant conflict -Katie Bighead (Cheyenne) Remebers Custer and the battle of Little Bighorn,1876, pg. 1 -Wyoming Gunfight An Attack on Chinatown,1885, pg. 45 Supporters of imperialism claimed it was necessary that United States plow its influence abroad -President William Mckinley Asks for War to liberate Cuba, 1898 pg. 107 -Governor Theodore Roosevelt Praises the Manly Virtues of Imperialism, 1899, pg. 108Critics of Imperialsim contened that American Foreigh policy undermined the nations abroad -The American Anti-Imperialist League Denounces U. S. Policy, 1899, pg. 110 -Mark match Stirzes The Battle Hymn of the Republic. 1900 pg. 111 During the late nineteenth century immig rants anticipated oppurtunities in the United States -A Slovenian Boy Remebers Tales of the Golden Country,1909 pg. 81 -Chinese Immigrant Lee Chew Denounces bias in America, 1882, pg. 72During the late nineteenth century immigrants faced harsh challenges in the United States -Immigrant Thomas ODonell Laments the workers Plight, 1883 pg. 74 -Immigrants Crowd together-By Choice, or Not? Pg. 77 As the United States expierenced rapid industrial growth, ordinary laborers endured exploitaive working conditions -Immigrant Thomas ODonell Laments the workers Plight, 1883 pg. 74 -Jurgis Rudkus Disovers Drink in The Jungle, 1905 pg. 79 All from the book major problems.

My character, Miss Torso Essay

My character, Miss Torso is outgoing and full of life. She has a passion for dancing and it finds a behavior into every aspect of her life. She dances whilst making breakfast and entertains male guests as it is highly amusing. The enthusiasm I embody cannot be faked and is clearly seen in the opening scenes. Hitchcock, my theater director manipulates my character and her personality to be overtly sexualised and purely for the viewing of male counterparts.I resent the portrayal of my character having to rely on the affection of hands to be happy. Yes, I enjoy the company and the entertainment they provide but I do not need it to survive or to find happiness. not only are the women in the film presented as highly attractive and submissive to men, they are given the stereotype of women being needy and reliant on men. However if you look closely at the film you will see that if it werent for the women, the mystery of the murder would never countenance been uncovered.Crucial female ch aracters put together many clues, pieced together the events within the crime and risked their lives with absolutely no recognition. Lisa, who could have had a strong relationship with Miss Torso given the opportunity could have helped further the investigation. With the understanding that the genre relies heavily on these stereotypes to recognise crime fiction they should be re-evaluated as the times have changed.Women have fought relentlessly to cook rights and equality which should be represented within this film. I feel my character was merely a device for Hitchcock to exemplify his themes of voyeurism and women being the subject of the male gaze. As even her name is characterised after her body it highlights the stereotype that women are simply at appease the male counterparts. My part within the film is that of being a doppelganger to Lisa. I highlight the traits of an attractive female in this time period.These being that without a man you are lost and that your happiness d epends solely on the nourish and reliance that a man provides. With this I find utterly absurd as both Lisa and I live by ourselves and manage our lives to our satisfaction. The affection I receive from males by entertaining are all for my pleasure. In the film however this is not how it is portrayed rather than for my amusement and independence it is depicted as my reliance on men. I resent this portrayal as it is far from what I feel.This all returns back to the murder of Mrs Thorwald. The assumption is made that she was a whinging married woman that was bedridden and could not perform the daily duties that are expected thus leading to her murder. The whole concept of marriage is burdened with negative connotations throughout the film. withal the newlywed couple who are blissfully on their honeymoon depict this when at the end of the film the husband is seen looking out the window with distain towards his wife.It is around seen as acceptable that the wife is murdered as not ev en the professional detective will take the case seriously. My character portrays a woman reliant of men with her quality of life being completely due to male involvement. This is a huge misinterpretation of the strong, independent and charismatic woman that she real is. These traits need to be highlighted rather than subverted as a means of accentuating the theme of females being subject to the male gaze.

Customer Service and Class Discussion

MAR1011 WK8 HOMWRK break Discussion (30 points) This weeks discussion focuses retail distribution strategies. You will have the opportunity to analyze tralatitious and non-traditional retail strategies. Please respond to the following prompt in the class discussion section of your online course 1. How would you classify Wal-Mart in terms of position on the wheel of retailing versus that of an off-price retailer? Individual Work (35 points) The following fitting allows you to analyze the Mall of America.You will have the opportunity to develop strategies designed to see the Mall of America in acquiring new customers. Please read the Mall of America Shopping and a Whole Lot More cause study (pages 313-315). After reading the case, please answer the following questions 1. Why has the Mall of America been such a marketing success so far? 2. What specific marketing actions would you propose that Mall of America managers take to ensure its continuing success in attracting visitors (a) from the local metropolitan area and (b) from outside it? 3. Your assignment should be at least 1-2 pages in length.Quiz (40 points) This quiz will consist of questions taken from Chapters 12-13. The quiz will contain 20 multiple choice and/or True or False questions. This quiz covers the following material In Marketing The Core read oChapter 12, Managing Marketing Channels and Supply Chains, pages 271-294. oChapter 13, Retailing and Wholesaling, pages 295-316. MAR2305-14 Class Discussion (35 points) It is important to understand the sources of customer satisfaction in order to address the issue effectively. Lucas provides strategies to identify communication breakdowns.Please review Chapter 7 in client Service Skills for Success, and discuss all the following questions What is your definition of a dissatisfied customer? What are the sources of customer dissatisfaction? What can service providers do to prevent and call with dissatisfied customers? Individual Work (40 points) Servi ce breakdowns can occur unexpectedly and need to be handled promptly. Complete the Handling Service Breakdown at abdominal aortic aneurysm Landscaping case study on page 248 of your textbook. Please answer questions 1-4. Each answer should be a token(prenominal) of one paragraph. The total minimum document length should be 300 words.

Defining the Advantages and Disadvantages Cultural Similarities in the Context of the Recruitment Process

Introduction Historically, oft metres debate exists surrounding the heathen grapheme and its place inwardly the trade union movement market system. interrogation examining the labour market has posed that grow is peripheral at bottom occupational sorting with regard to status progress (Blau & Duncan, 1967 Tilly & Tilly, 1998). While comparatively, sociologists who ar concerned with finis indicate that close plays a crucial part in placing value on materials and retorts, this often includes devilibility to distribution of the most desirable pipelines and occupations (L rural areau & Weininger 2011). In todays global economy, many firms crosswise all sectors are competing for talent. In particular, firms in the acquaintance based industries, such(prenominal) as IT industry, financial services, engineering and pharmaceuticals, have engaged in a war of talent (Cubik 2013). given over the costs involved in enlisting including advertising and agency fees, selection crite ria has become a preponderating consideration. in time, in spite of its known impressiveness, limited empirical evidence exists to richly capture the role that gardening plays in occupational attainment. It has been suggested that hiring indoors the labour market is virtuoso of the most crucial decisions for organisational success (Bills, 2003). In a register by Bills (2003) it is noted that the attainment of occupational status while ensuring stable income is a predominant factor within the hiring transaction. in spite of appearance the belles-lettres it has been hypothesised that existing similarities amongst employers and perspective employees are crucial and powerful in how employers make their decision to hire (Lamont, 1992). To date, there is very limited empirical belles-lettres which has been favored and imperious in explaining culture and its role in hiring (Huffcutt, 2011 Stainback, Tomaskovic-Devey & Skaggs, 2010).The serve well of recruitment and selection has in the erstwhile(prenominal) focus oned on skills and fix (Marcel et al., 2013). Indeed, it makes a lot of sense to recruit employees with the right set of skills and experience for a vocation which is similar to their attributes. While skills and experience continue to play an increasing role in the recruitment and selection of employees, look for has pointed out to culture mark off as a key discriminator in the selection offset (Hunt 2014). Nowadays, human resource professionals have gone to great lengths to build the organisational culture right into the selection criteria (Croteau 2014). Empirical books is limited on the impact of heathenish twin(a) in determining organisational success. Systematic empirical seek on the impact of ethnic matching in hiring decisions is near non-existent (Rivera, 2012). This literature come off leave behind contribute to informing current knowledge on favours and disadvantages of cultural similarities within the candidate evalu ation process. Questions addressed will include does cultural matching really matter in the hiring process, and is it worthwhile dis missing a highly skilled and innovative candidate for not satisfying the criteria around cultural fit.Defining the context of this area of researchCulture is increasingly becoming the peripheral for occupational sorting. This has been control by the popular view that organisations with employees that fully embrace the culture find it easy to navigate with tough economic times (Cubik 2013). Contrary to the popular view, does cultural matching really matter in the hiring processIs it worthwhile dismissing a highly skilled and innovative candidate for not satisfying the criteria around cultural fitExploring this topic is distinguished considering the recent skill gap crippling engineering firms.In the UK, there is currently a shortfall in most areas of graduate recruitment. According to the Confederation of British Industry, the national paucity in g raduate recruitment in many areas especially engineering sector whitethorn define a brake on economic recovery (Paton 2014). Tens of thousands of engineers are retiring without graduates to replace them (Osborne 2013). Many organisations across the globe are yet to put in place means to measuring cultural fit in their recruitment and selection process (Cubik 2014). It is time to re-examine the advantages and disadvantages of such cultural matching. Such an quarry assessment will act as a wakeup call for managers and HR professionals to critically review their recruitment processes and ascertain whether conformity to mainstream organisational culture gives the best outcome.Past literature has provided a useful case arena which considers elite professional service firms. It was suggested that an often untested hypothesis within this field is how similarities which exist culturally and can be reflected in divided up experiences, preferences, individual characteristics or even prese ntation of self (Bourdieu, 1984). Additionally, that these cultural similarities which are at interplay between employers and those applying for jobs are crucial in determining the employers hiring decision. It is posed that hiring as a process has many more(prenominal) intricacies than just a basic recognition and sorting of skills rather, a interlocking process exists which incorporates the cultural matching of potential employees between those who apply for jobs, those who evaluate and the companies who hire them. Past literature indicates that employers seek out those perspective employees who are competent and significantly seem to possess cultural similarities. It was uncover that culture similarities were of upmost concern to employers, often overriding concerns solely surrounding productivity (Rivera, 2012).Considerations relating to the advantages and disadvantages of the cultural role in determining how employers hireProcesses are evident which are interpersonal in con stitution and apparent(a) in evaluating cultural similarities to determine candidate evaluation. These processes empirically demonstrate how cultural similarities predict hiring within the workforce. The process of hiring an employee is a very influential and powerful determinant in influencing outcomes of the labour market. The protocol for hiring practice is a mechanism which can be the cornerstone in facilitating employment opportunities for some, while disabling for others. Hiring is crucial in order to prosper or excel in most occupations and advance in income brackets, thusly, considering the intricacies of hiring are important to understand kind closure or opposing economic stratification (Elliot and Smith, 2004).The hiring process between employers and employees is typically interpreted as a matching process which exists to filter organisational characteristics, with the job requirements, and perceived skill of the job candidate (Tilly & Tilly, 1998). Previous literature h as summarised how employers hiring decisions as based on evaluating the potential employee on what has been described as human capital, for example their laboured or soft skills and attributes secondly their potential for social capital, delineate by their social connections and finally in evaluating their demographic characteristics (Pager & Shepherd, 2008). Moreover, research is recognising that gaps exist in our current knowledge on the processes of hiring. It should be noted that when human capital, social capital, demographic traits are all accounted for in appreciation how employers hire, there remains unexplained variance. Consequently, investigating how employers carry out their decision making is an area which needs to be informed in the literature (Heckman and Siegelman, 1993). a great deal of this unexplained variance could be concerned in methodological and data limitations. A majority of the existing literature in this area is quantitative in nature and places focus o n the type of individuals in the application process or comparisons between pre and post hiring, release the decision making process unexplained (Fernandez & Fernandez, 2006). Furthermore, constraints are evident in keeping to assessing what is easy to access or observe by using information which is quite often extracted from records of employment. Thus it is clear that in order to fully understand the hiring process, decision-making is an important factor to investigate, to distinguish between how employers evaluate, make comparisons and select late employees. By further investigating this decision making process it is hoped that more subtle factors will be revealed to explain employers decisions in relation to the outcomes of hiring (Gross, 2009).The Role of CulturePrevious investigations into how the employer selects employees have predominantly focused on individual characteristics, the organisational context, or factors within the institution (Pager & Shepherd, 2008). Perhaps , however this process of employment incorporates more than the context of candidates, or companies and recruitment should be treasure as an interpersonal process. boilers suit, within most industries the main components of an audience for a job are key determinants of success or failure in hiring. Job candidates create impressions of themselves within the interview situation and this impacts upon the likelihood of them getting hired, it has even been posed that this carries more weight than their qualification achievements (Graves & Powell, 1995). However even with this knowledge, within the literature focus often reflects pre or post factors regards hiring. Therefore it is apparent that focus should be placed on interpreting the dimensions which represent the interpersonal nature of the recruitment process (Roscigno, 2007 Stainback et al., 2010).Within a micro-social setting existing literature describes dynamics which are interpersonal and has concluded that similarities are on e of the most substantial indicants in determining how an individual is evaluated and how desirable they are to an employer (Byrne, 1971) and this has been confirmed within an interview setting (Huffcutt, 2011). Research in this area has previously examined sex activity or race similarities, and in addendum similarities in tastes, life experiences, leisure activities, or self-presentation which can greatly impact interpersonal attraction and therefore stratification (Lareau and Weininger, 2003 Wimmer & Lewis, 2010). Upon a first meeting, typically muckle seek out shared commonalities which could be in knowledge, an experience, or personal interests (Gigone & Hastie, 1993). It is by means of uncovering these similarities that people connect emotionally and this then facilitates a bank and comforting environment, creating excitement, and building bonds between individuals (Collins, 2004 DiMaggio, 1987 Erickson 1996). Within psychology there is a well-known hypothesis which pose s parity creates attraction (Byrne, 1971) and similarly within sociology what is known as the homophily principle (Lazarsfeld & Merton, 1954) also infers that similarities culturally promote attraction.However, it should be noted that having similar cultural identities equates to more than simply having shared interests. It is posed that cultural identity importantly determines our evaluation strategy (DiMaggio, 1987 Lamont & Molnar, 2002). Past literature, (weber, 1946), concluded that having the same interest in things like leisure pursuits, or similar experiences, presentation style, and other life factors create membership within certain groups and are vestigial in determining an individual being included in a desirable opportunity. Very detailally, Weber indicated that lifestyle factors are cornerstone in estimating status within group reproduction and social closure.In weighing up the advantages and disadvantages of hiring and the role culture plays, even if this is unconsc ious, cultural similarities may be greatly at play during the evaluation process and be a determinant of rewards. A classic study in this research area was based on interviews in a college between counsellors and students within the community (Erickson & Schultz, 1981). It was inform that similarities which were established within this relationship were the most crucial determinants in shaping the councillors view about a students potential and future success. Even within the presence of co-membership, the most important indicator seemed to be perceived similarities in experience. Moving on form this, more recent literature (Lamont, 2009) implicated that within academia research proposals were favoured for academic fellowships when the proposal was similar to the interests of that particular scholar who was evaluating the applicant. These types of selection curve have many important implications, are inclusive of access to resources as well as social rewards, and also in predictin g long term trajectories within an educational, social or economic setting (DiMaggio & Mohr, 1985).Much literature is apparent which has been based on examining culture with stratification and this is disproportionate due to its focus on the educational setting (Stevens, Armstrong & Arum, 2008). Apparent limitations are evident in examining cultural similarities post-graduation. An important area of research clearly appears to be to determine outcomes for students who have gained similar qualifications in the process of applying for jobs within the labour market. A good example to illustrate this phenomenon could be to further investigate the hiring process within the power of stratifying through shared cultural similarities. Understanding the advantages and disadvantages of cultural similarities could further be explained by assessing if students gain financial reward through cultural similarities and this would be recognised through the attainment of a desirable job and matching s alary. Useful research would investigate the advantages of cultural similarities and if this translates economically (Bourdieu, 1986) within the labour force, this hypothesis has been neglected within empirical literature (Bills, 2003). Furthermore it is known that the qualities upon which we make our assessments are generally not context specific (Lamont, 1992), therefore it cannot be representative that culture similarities are identical, perhaps in some(prenominal) a classroom and interview situation.Within cultural research there has been a lack of systematic assessment in relation to hiring, and in contrast to this those who academically assess hiring may have previously under-theorised the role of culture. Overall a majority of hiring research in a sociological setting has examined the process of employers evaluating their prospective employees hard skills and specifically cognitive skills. Whereas those papers that have explored non-cognitive skills will most likely focus on things that will impact upon productivity and include soft skills (Farkas, 2003). A disadvantage in this field of research is how cultural contexts and lifestyle have been classed as non-productive entities and therefore under studied in an empirical setting (Tilly & Tilly, 1998).On the other hand, an advantage in this particular area of research has been that investigations which have examined the employment process, have recognised that similarities are an important predictor of candidate employment however, this research has previously been limited by stress on gender or ethnicality (Gorman, 2005). This may be explained partly by limited data on informative information as it is not always an easy task to capture similarities on vestigial tastes or lifestyle factors, and if this information has been obtained then it is somewhat difficult to quantify (Stevens, 2008). Moreover, within empirical literature it is common to use similarities which are demographic in nature when estim ating shared culture. It should be clear that both culture and a set structure are mutually reinforcing entities, whereas an individuals gender or ethnicity can greatly impact their cultural identity (Sewell, 1992 Swidler, 1986). It would be advantageous to examine the mutation represented by individual set, experience or beliefs and common behaviour among unique demographic culture (Lamont & Small, 2008). Thus, in order to gain a true and reflective picture of a cultural hiring prospective, research moldiness consider demographics as well as cultural similarities and life experiences between those who are hiring and potential employees (Turco, 2010).Research exists which has made the assumption that gender and ethnic similarities override any other shared common experiences. These ethnic and gender similarities should be recognised as being greatly influential attributes in determining interpersonal attraction and likelihood of a positive evaluation. Continuing research in this a rea has confirmed a hypothesis which was outlined by Tajfel and Turners (1986) suggesting that in and out group preferences can vary. Importantly, more current literature has revealed that demographics can moderate preferences in a within group setting (Ely, 1995). When examining the hiring process, gender and ethnic similarities between those hiring and potential job candidates have produced inconsistencies in effect (Huffcutt, 2011).ConclusionTo clarify, previous literature efforts should be made to investigate a range of similarities which incorporate more than gender and ethnicity with their impact on the labour market (Castilla, 2011). The current literature review has presented a review of the literature in this area and it can be concluded that it would be advantageous to assess the relationships between interpersonal characteristics and how people are evaluated based on their shared cultural attributes. From the current literature it can be perceived that shared characterist ics are important in a variety of contexts however it is also clear that identifying cultural similarities in the context of employment success would be an especially useful and important piece of research. In psychology it has been shown that between those who perceive themselves as similar, this can veridically impact and control the effects of attraction and similarity. subjectively believing that an individual shares similarities with you on multiple dimensions within a unique context may be a crucial determinant in dis-entangling our understanding of interpersonal attraction (Tajfel and Turner, 1986). Subjective impressions of perceived similarities may be most influential within an interaction which is personalised, run over an increased duration of time and based on identifying additional information to what is visible (Montoya, Horton & Kirchner 2008), this is apt in the setting of a job interview. Previous literature has indicated that having perceived similarities are pos sibly more important than true similarities on the boilersuit decision within the employment process (Graves & Powell, 1995). Shared culture is imperative to consider if we want to fully understand how perceived similarities operate (Lamont & Molnar, 2002).In spite of this information and within sociological research the process of hiring has usually overseen shared culture in determining how employers are influenced. Some literature does exist which recognises the importance of cultural similarities and has been seen in a qualitative study by Neckerman & Kirschenman (1991). Here, in relation to urban employers it was hypothesised that cultural similarities predict employers decisions. DiMaggio (1992) was responsible for labelling recruitment as a cultural matching process. In spite of astute that cultural similarities are influential predictors of job success (Turco, 2010), cultural factors have typically been excluded or unnoted and deemed as not productive or observable in past research (Pager, Western & Bonikowski, 2009).A number of authors have emphasised the importance conformity to mainstream organizational culture when making hiring decisions. For example, in their study on the impact of organisational culture on human resource practices, Omotayo & Anthonia (2013) argued that the congruence between individual values and organisational culture was crucial in the recruitment and selection process. They argued that it helped reduce absenteeism and turnover, and that it increased employee morale and satisfaction leash to increased productivity and better performance. In a similar vein, Silverthorne (2004) argues that employees who are better fit to the organisational culture are more likely to experience higher job satisfaction and become more affiliated to the organisation.However, to some extent these arguments are debatable it is not necessarily true that cultural matching in recruitment and selection leads to the best outcome. There is a greater te ndency for HR managers to hire people that they think are similar to them rather than hiring those who are objectively good at their job (Booth, 2002). A phenomenal candidate who would have taken the company to another level can be baffled out just because he/she could not satisfy the criteria around cultural fit (Marcel et al., 2013). Moreover, a sizeable amount of bias in talent acquisition may result when invoking cultural matching. What is the likelihood of missing out on innovative perspectives is an important consideration for future research (Marcel et al., 2013). For the purpose of this literature review, systematic and empirical literature has been presented to understand the advantages and disadvantages of cultural characteristics in determining job success.References Blau, P. M., & Duncan, O. D. (1967). The American occupational structure.Bourdieu, P. (1984). eminence A social critique of the judgement of taste. Harvard University Press.Byrne, D. E. (1971). The attract ion paradigm (Vol. 11). academic Pr.Collins, R. (2004). Interaction ritual chains. Princeton university press.DiMaggio, P. (1987). motley in art. American sociological review, 440-455.DiMaggio, P., & Mohr, J. (1985). Cultural capital, educational attainment, and marital selection. American journal of sociology, 1231-1261.Elliott, J. R., & Smith, R. A. (2004). Race, gender, and workplace power. American sociological Review, 69(3), 365-386.Ely, R. J. (1995). The power in demography Womens social constructions of gender identity at work. honorary society of steering journal, 38(3), 589-634.Erickson, B. H. (1996). Culture, class, and connections. American journal of Sociology, 217-251.Erickson, F., & Shultz, J. (1982). The counselor as gatekeeper Social interaction in interviews. newfangled York Academic Press.Farkas, G. (2003). Cognitive skills and noncognitive traits and behaviors in stratification processes. Annual Review of Sociology, 541-562.Fernandez, R. M., & Fernandez-Mateo, I. (2006). Networks, race, and hiring. American Sociological Review, 71(1), 42-71.Gigone, D., & Hastie, R. (1993). The common knowledge effect Information sharing and group judgment. diary of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(5), 959.Gorman, E. H. (2005). Gender stereotypes, same-gender preferences, and organizational variation in the hiring of women Evidence from law firms. American Sociological Review, 70(4), 702-728.Graves, L. M., & Powell, G. N. (1995). The effect of sex similarity on recruitersevaluations of actual applicants a test of the similarity?attraction paradigm. Personnel Psychology, 48(1), 85-98.Gross, N. (2009). A pragmatist theory of social mechanisms. American Sociological Review, 74(3), 358-379.Heckman, J. J., & Siegelman, P. (1993). The Urban Institute audit studies Their methods and findings.Huffcutt, A. I. (2011). An empirical review of the employment interview construct literature. International ledger of Selection and Assessment, 19(1), 62-81.Kotter, E. H. and Heskett, O. K..(1992). Culture The Missing Concept in Organizational Studies. Administrative Science Quarterly, 4(2), 229-240.Lamont, M. (1992). Money, morals, and manners The culture of the French and the American upper-middle class. University of Chicago Press.Lamont, M., & Molnar, V. (2002). The study of boundaries in the social sciences. Annual review of sociology, 167-195.Lamont, M., & Small, M. L. (2008). How culture matters Enriching our understanding of poverty. The colors of poverty Why racial and ethnic disparities persist, 76-102.Langfeldt, L. (2011). How Professors Think Inside the Curious World of Academic Judgment. International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, 25(1), 92-95.Lareau, A. (2011). Unequal childhoods Class, race, and family life. Univ of California Press.Lareau, A., & Weininger, E. B. (2003). Cultural capital in educational research A critical assessment. Theory and society, 32(5-6), 567-606.Madu, B.C.(2012). Organizational culture as a drive of competitive advantage. Journal of Academic and Business Ethics, Vol. 5, pp. 1-9.Marcel, M.F., Roeske, J., and Parrilla, R.(2013).Bias and cultural competence in recruitment and selection. Multicultural Forum on Workforce Diversity, Language & Culture Worldwide, LLC.Martins, E. C., and Terblanche, F.(2003). Building Organizational Culture that Stimulates Creativity and Innovation. European Journal of Innovation and steering, Vol. 1(1), pp.30-43.Montoya, R. M., Horton, R. S., & Kirchner, J. (2008). Is actual similarity necessary for attractionA meta-analysis of actual and perceived similarity. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 25(6), 889-922.Neckerman, K. M., & Kirschenman, J. (1991). Hiring strategies, racial bias, and inner-city workers. Social Problems, 433-447.Oliver, P.(2003)Writing Up Your Thesis. Oaks, CA. Sage Publications.Omotayo, O. and Anthonia, A.(2013). Impact of organizational culture on human resource practices a study of selected Nigerian private universi ties. Journal of Competitiveness, vol.5, No. 4, pp. 115-133.Osborne, A.(2013). Shortage of engineers is hurting Britain, says James Dyson. The Telegraph. viewed on fourth July 2014 available from http//www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/industry/engineering/10287555/Shortage-of-engineers-is-hurting-Britain-says-James-Dyson.htmlPager, D., & Shepherd, H. (2008). The sociology of discrimination Racial discrimination in employment, housing, credit, and consumer markets. Annual review of sociology, 34, 181.Pager, D., Western, B., & Bonikowski, B. (2009). Discrimination in a Low-Wage Labor Market A Field Experiment. American Sociological Review, 74(5), 777-799.Partington, D. E.(2002).Essential Skills for Management Research Oaks, CASage Publications, ISBN 07619 70088.Paton, G.(2014). STEM Awards business facing major skills shortage. The Telegraph. viewed on fourth July 2014 available from http//www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/10696388/STEM-Awards-businesses-facing-major- skills-shortage.htmlRivera, L. A. (2012). Hiring as cultural matching the case of elite professional service firms. American Sociological Review, 77(6), 999-1022.Roscigno, V. J. (2007). The face of discrimination How race and gender impact work and home lives. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.Saunders, M., Lewis, P., and Thornhill, A.(2012).Research Methods for Business Students.(Sixth Edition), wise island of Jersey, FT Prentice Hall.Schneider, B. and Smith, D. B.(2004). Personality and Organizational Culture. In B. Scheneider & D. B. Smith (Eds.), Personality and Organization. Mahwah, New Jersey Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Sewell Jr, W. H. (1992). A theory of structure Duality, agency, and transformation. American journal of sociology, 1-29.Sheridan, J.E.(1992). Organizational culture and employee retention. The Academy of Management Journal, vol. 35 (5), pp.1036-1056.Stainback, K., Tomaskovic-Devey, D., & Skaggs, S. (2010). Organizational approaches to inequality Inertia, relativ e power, and environments. Sociology, 36(1), 225.Stevens, M. L., Armstrong, E. A., & Arum, R. (2008). Sieve, incubator, temple, hub Empirical and theoretical advances in the sociology of higher education. Annu. Rev. Sociol, 34, 127-151.Swidler, A. (1986). Culture in action Symbols and strategies. American sociological review, 273-286.Tilly, C., & Tilly, C. (1998). Work under capitalism (p. p205). Boulder, CO Westview Press.Turco, C. J. (2010). Cultural Foundations of Tokenism Evidence from the Leveraged Buyout Industry. American sociological review, 75(6), 894-913.Watt, B., Busine, M. and Wienker, E.(2005).Recruiting for culture fit are you getting values from your selection activities. Australia, Development Dimensions International Inc.Weber, M. (1946). Class, status, party (pp. 180-95). na.Wilson, J.(2010).Essentials of Business Research, Oaks, CA Sage Publications.Wimmer, A., & Lewis, K. (2010). Beyond and Below Racial Homophily ERG Models of a Friendship Network authenticated on Facebook1. American Journal of Sociology, 116(2), 583-642.

An Analysis of the Australian Curriculum

Introduction With the introduction of the Australian National platform into all instruction systems a fuck up the country, many questions and debates suck in occurred in reference to its effectiveness. From the a great deal perceived conflicting course definitions to the unfortunate failures of past attempts of platform execution of instrument, every member of the residential district has an spirit on this significant shift in the way Australia thinks of its childrens education (Rudd, 2007).The Australian broadcast however, has try to provide answers to these misgivings and societal concern, from an booming to use website interface, aboveboard disciplineal mental process and state/ territory inclusion of common educational individualities. The Australian classmes phylogeny has been that of promise and hopeful success (Brady & Kennedy, 2010).The Australian program should chance upon it easier for teachers to incorporate community and pupil centred schooling opport unities indoors the classroom, whilst foregoing for additional time and streamlining of assessment procedures, due to a short and precise teacher focused course document. Therefore the current Australian course of study process is the best opportunity for the development and implementation of a world class course that enables Australias coming(prenominal) leaders to compete in a globalised world (MCEETYA, 2008 Shelly & Gunther & Gunther, 2012). Definition of course of instructionDefinitions of curriculum be numerous and frequently believed to be conflicting. This can be especially so when delineated by the in tiped draw a bead on of the curriculum as well as individual bias from special(prenominal) stakeholders. Wiles (2005) lists varying definitions for four common curriculum trains curriculum as a plan, as gunject matter, as an experience and as an outcome (appendix 1). Upon analysing these purpose related definitions it could be argued that each different definition ultimately alters the detail of what can be chiefly deciphered as a common intent, with individual stakeholder inclusions of specific content.Hutchins (as cited in Wiles, 2005) (appendix 1), when defining curriculum as a subject matter explains that curriculum should inhabit of grammar, logic, mathematics and the superlative books of the western world. In wrinkle Bestor (as cited in Wiles, 2005) includes the have of grammar, literature and writing, mathematics and the mother tongue as the basis for his definition. As a result both academics can be seen to desire the same thing, extensive discipline based study however have both included individualities perceived important to themselves.In order to define its intent, the Australian platform has attempted to simplify the term curriculum through an explanation of purpose and intent. The Australian broadcast opinion and Reporting Authority (ACARA) (2012a) simply define the Australian political program as what all bookmans shoul d learn as they progress through school as a existence for their future eruditeness, growth and active participation in the Australian Community (para. 2). Through the defining of the curriculums purpose, the Australian political platform encompasses such academic inclusions of definition as famous by Wiles (2005) within its structure.As subject matter, the Australian computer program has included a discipline-based method of curriculum comprehend twelve study areas with contently significant individualities, through the incorporation of Cross Curricular Priorities. As a plan the Australian computer program has included General Capabilities that ensure student future success with frozen essential skills such as information and ready reckoner technology capability, ethics and intercultural grounds amongst others (ACARA, 2012b) (appendix 2). so, the Australian Curriculum has defined itself as an individual curriculum idea through the incorporation of multiple intents w ithin its structure. emergence of the Australian Curriculum and curriculum impersonates related to this development Since as early as 1980, numerous attempts at the development of a National Curriculum with varying levels of support and enacted implementation have been made (Brady & Kennedy, 2010).The Australian political structure and the level of authority the federal governance has over state/territory and nonsymbiotic organisations over educational policy, may have been a contributing factor for this lack of committed development and intended eventual nationwide implementation (Marsh, 2010). Learning from previous governments attempts implementing a national curriculum, the federal government from 2009, enacted a series of shaping reforms, with the aim of successfully gaining support and legal authority over the implementation of a national curriculum (Marsh, 2010).The request for state/territory appointed representatives, statements of open consultation in development, thr ough to what Brady and Kennedy (2010) refer to as hard policy, including the establishment of ACARA as a statutory personate over all manner of educational policy and the linking of funding repercussions to the implementation of the Australian Curriculum (Schools assistant Bill, National Education Agreement) has led to all educational organisations agreeing to the use of the impending curriculum documents.Brady and Kennedy (2010) state that no single form of curriculum model is commonly used by developers, therefore using specific components of different models and designing a process that works for the organisation or individuals intent. As such the Australian Curriculum developers have appeared to take such an approach. With the foundation of a Naturalistic model of development, including the use of discussion, interaction and negotiation of developers and stakeholders, the Australian Curriculum developers have additionally used a fundamental aspect of an Objectives model of de velopment (Brady & Kennedy, 2010).The use of defined standards or content descriptions (Objectives model) as depicted by the national curriculum has been incorporated both after initial targeted discussion between stakeholders and before final consultation forward to publication (ACARA, 2008). As a consequence the important developmental principles of curriculum development as describe by Marsh (2010) that all decision making in the development of an Australian Curriculum is transparent whilst alleviating societies concern over a discipline-based curriculum was met by the initial and ongoing consultation universe undertaken.Structure of the Australian Curriculum The Australian Curriculum has been published on the Internet in order to allow maximum flexibility in viewing and the organisation of content. As such the interface is user friendly and easy to understand. The Australian Curriculum is currently broken down to cover four subject areas with an additional cardinal areas to follow from 2013 (ACARA, 2012a MCEETYA, 2008). Each subject area is broken down into stratum levels encompassing Foundation to year ten (with eventual inclusion of years eleven and twelve).In order to differentiate different subject sub topics strands and sub strands have been developed to allow focus of content descriptions (statements of required student learning). English for instance covers three interrelated strands language, literacy and literature, with content descriptions grouped into sub strands, which enable the visual identification of development of familiarity, understanding and skills (ACARA, 2012f). Content descriptions are then listed, which describe the required learning that students must be exposed to within each subject, strand and sub strand.The content descriptions provide detailed information of learning opportunities, cross curriculum opportunities and a glossary of terms. Additionally digital resource information is also available that relates to each re levant content description. A wealth of information for educators, parents and the general community is available on the internet for the Australian Curriculum, including student work samples of content description attainment, which may negate any uncertainty surrounding student expected learning and eventual assessment practices the curriculum requires.Complimenting the subject areas and included content descriptions are cross curriculum priorities. ACARA (2012e) states that these priorities of, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander history and culture, Asia and Australias engagement with Asia and sustainability, will enable student relevance and address the issues that the students will face passim their lives. The opportunities for inclusion of cross curricular priorities are insert within the subjects curriculum documents where appropriate, however with differing levels of relevance for individual subjects (ACARA, 2012e).The Melbourne Declaration (MCEETYA, 2008), incorporated a correct of vii general capabilities that were deemed important for student future success by acting as a foundation for current and future learning. Student capabilities include literacy, numeracy, information and communication technology competence, critical and creative thinking, honest behaviour, personal and social competence and intercultural understanding (ACARA, 2012b).Again it is seen that these basic capabilities will enable student success in a globalised workforce by enabling competiveness through the inclusion of 21st century needs of at presents students. Australian Curriculum in relation to the needs of 21st Century learners In the federal official governments educational reform document, The Melbourne Declaration (MCEETYA, 2008), the diverse needs of 21st Century students were acknowledged and a series of objectives established. The world is becoming ever more globalised with international mobility and competitiveness at the forefront (MCEETYA, 2008 Shelly et al , 2012).Therefore the Australian Curriculum set to include a series of general capabilities (ACARA, 2012b) that would enable student future success by acting as a foundation of current and future learning. In addition, the inclusion of Information and computer technology (ICT) as a cross-subject enhancement tool, in order to address the needs of students of a digital age has also been included. The Melbourne Declaration (MCEETYA, 2008) defines ICT as essential in all 21st Century occupations (p. 5).Within the ground of ICT as a learning tool, educators are able to create authentic and meaningful learning opportunities crossways all subjects, as well as allowing the successful inclusion of differing learning styles of students through the use of digital resources such as podcasts, speech to text applications and web resources, amongst many others (Shelly et al, 2012). The Australian Curriculum provides these opportunities throughout and are indicated were appropriate throughout the content descriptions.The Australian Curriculum has set to include all students regardless of gender, race, socio-economic status and language ability the opportunity to succeed with the Australian Curriculum and provide them the best chance to be successful contributors to society (ACARA, 2012d). Teachers are able to make professional judgements on how to teach and assess the knowledge required to be learnt (ACARA, 2012d). Teachers are provided the flexibility to adjust the delivery of content to the needs of individual students to allow for maximum learning successes.Comparison of Australian Curriculum to local (state) and international models Prior to the publication of the Australian Curriculum in English, maths, history and science, the Yankee Territory was using a curriculum document titled northern Territory Curriculum mannequin (NTCF). The NTCF is vastly different in design to that produced by ACARA due to the NTCF being an outcome based curriculum model compared to the Australian Curriculums assessment of student achievement against explicit learning area achievement standards (NTCF, 2012).Similarities do exist between both the NTCF and Australian Curriculum incorporating a set of desired student personal attributes called EsseNTial Learnings in the NTCF document and General Capabilities within the Australian Curriculum documents. Both the NTCF and Australian Curriculums goals in the development of these personal development outcomes were to prepare students to be valuable members of the community and successfully contribute in a competitive globalised world (ACARA, 2012b NTCF, 2012).The similarities in curriculum content deal through to the structure of subject content and related standards and outcomes of achievement. The Australian Curriculum content description for mathematics Foundation Statistics and Probability, states that students answer yes or no to questions to collect information (ACARA, 2012c). In contrast, the NTCF outcome for Ma thematics take chances and Data, Key Growth Point two for foundation, states learners use everyday language to state opinions on the hatchway of a given event occurring (NTCF, 2012).Although the similarities in content within both the Australian Curriculum and Northern Territory Curriculum Framework are many, the deviance in detail and length of the documents is significant. As remark by Kevin Rudd in the document titled New Directions for our schools (Rudd, 2007), state and territory curriculum organisations tend to develop curriculum documents that are far to detailed than necessary. This is especially evident when comparing the NTCFs Australian Curriculum document implemented in semester two 2012.A quick glance clearly indicates the substantial difference as the original NTCF mathematics document consists of 130 pages compared to that of the NTCFs Australian Curriculum implemented document totalling sixsome pages for transition to year ten levels (Appendix 3 further compar ability of current NTCF and NTCF Australian Curriculum documents). Thus the simplification of the documents may lead to teacher instructional enhancement and clearer levels of required attainment, enhancing student success on the job(p) with the curriculum.Conclusion The Australian Curriculum is an extensive yet precise document detailing what is essential for student learning to enable success in the future. The Australian Curriculum has invented itself as a transparent holistic educational document with a clear purpose and intent. Additionally, the Australian Curriculum has learnt from the errors of past attempts at a national curriculum and incorporated soft and hard policy (Brady & Kennedy, 2010) that enforces the use and implementation of the document nationally.By incorporating an online presence with a thoughtful inclusion of student needs for success in the 21st century through the development of cross curricular priorities and general capabilities, the Australian Curriculu m is enabling student success in a soon to be Asian dominated globalised world (MCEETYA, 2008). The Australian Curriculum has incorporated what is deemed significant throughout Australias diverse individual curriculums and indeed created a document that shares a common intent for education specifically with the Northern Territory Curriculum Framework.The Australian Curriculum is at the precipice of complete national implementation. lonesome(prenominal) time will tell if it is successful in its attempts at creating a world class curriculum for Australias leaders of tomorrow (MCEETYA, 2008). References Australian Curriculum and Assessment Reporting Authority (ACARA) (2008, July 17). Professor Barry McGaw AO, gratifying address, Queensland Consultation Forum Streaming video. Retrieved from http//www. acara. edu. au/news_media/vodcasts . html Australian Curriculum and Assessment Reporting Authority (ACARA) (2012a).Overview. Retrieved from http//www. australiancurriculum. edu. au/Curri culum/Overview Australian Curriculum and Assessment Reporting Authority (ACARA) (2012b). General capabilities in the Australian Curriculum. Retrieved from http//www. australiancurriculum. edu. au/File/85028d2c-d680-402b-84c7- 9fdd00ecac82. Australian Curriculum and Assessment Reporting Authority (ACARA) (2012c). Foundation to Year 10 Curriculum (Mathematics). Retrieved from http//www. australiancurriculum . edu. au/Mathematics/Curriculum/F-10Australian Curriculum and Assessment Reporting Authority (ACARA) (2012d). Diversity of learners. Retrieved from http//www. australiancurriculum. edu. au/Mathematics/ Diversity-of-learners Australian Curriculum and Assessment Reporting Authority (ACARA) (2012e). Cross Curriculum priorities. Retrieved from http//www. australiancurriculum. edu. au/CrossCurriculumPriorities Australian Curriculum and Assessment Reporting Authority (ACARA) (2012f). Content Structure (English). Retrieved from http//www. australiancurriculum. edu. au/English/ Content-st ructure Brady, L. & Kennedy, K. (2010). Curriculum Construction (4th ed). Frenchs Forest, NSW Pearson. Marsh, C. (2010). meet a teacher Knowledge, Skills and Issues (5th ed). Frenchs Forest, NSW Pearson. McMillan, J. (2010). Classroom Assessment Principles and Practise for Effective Standards- Based Instruction. Boston, USA Pearson Education. Ministerial Council on Education, Employment, Training and Youth Affairs (MCEETYA) (2008). Melbourne Declaration on Educational Goals for Young Australians. Melbourne, Australia MCEETYA. Northern Territory Curriculum Framework (NTCF). 2012). Retrieved from http//www. det. nt. gov. au/teachers-educators/curriculum-ntbos Rudd. , K, & Smith. , S. (2007). New Directions for our schools. Canberra, Australia Australian Labour Party. Shelly, G. , & Gunther, G. , & Gunther, R. (2012). Teachers discovering computers Integrating technology in a machine-accessible world (7th ed). Boston, USA Cengage. Wiles, J. (2005). Curriculum essentials a resource fo r educators (2nd ed). Boston, USA Pearson. Appendix 1 Wiles (2005) definitions of curriculum Curriculum as Subject MatterThe Curriculum should consist of permanent studies-the rules of grammar, reading, rhetoric and logic, mathematics and, at the secondary level, the greatest books of the western World (Robert Hutchins) The Curriculum must consist essentially of disciplined study in fiver areas command of the mother tongue and systematic study of grammar, literature and writing, mathematics, the sciences, history and foreign language. (Arthur Bestor) The Curriculum should consist entirely of knowledge that comes from the disciplines (Philip Phenix) A Curriculum is a written document. George Beauchamp) Curriculum as a protrude The Curriculum is a planned program of learning opportunities to achieve broad educational goals and related objectives. (William Alexander) The Curriculum is all the learning of students that is planned by and directed by the school to attain its educational goals. (Ralph Tyler) The Curriculum is (a set of) planned and guided learning experiences for the learners continuous and wilful growth (Daniel and Laura Tanner) A Curriculum is a plan for learning. (Hilda Taba)Curriculum as an Experience A Curriculum is those experiences set up by the school for the purpose of disciplining students and youth in group ways of thinking and acting. (B. O. Smith, William Stanley, and Harlan Shores) The Curriculum is generally considered to be all the experiences that learners have under the auspices of the school. (Ronald Doll) The Curriculum is that series of things students and youth must do and experience. (Franklin Bobbitt) The Curriculum is the life and program of the school n enterprise in guided living. (Harold Rugg) Curriculum as an Outcome The Curriculum is a planned learning outcome for which the school is responsible (James Popham and Henry Baker) The Curriculum is a structured set of learning outcomes (objectives) resulting from instructio n. (k. Howell, S. Fox, and K. Morehead) Appendix 1 Curriculum is concerned not with what students will do in the learning situation, but with what they will learn as a consequence of what they do. Curriculum is concerned with results. (Maurice Johnson) Appendix 2General Capabilities of the Australian Curriculum (ACARA, 2012b) Retrieved from http//www. australiancurriculum. edu. au/File/85028d2c-d680-402b-84c7-9fdd00ecac82 Appendix 3 Comparison of Northern Territory Curriculum Framework (NTCF) and NTCF Australian Curriculum document. Figure 1 Demonstrates the amount of additional detail the NTCF document includes, in comparison to the NTCFs new Australian Curriculum document implemented in July 2012 (Note NTCF does not have an independent account Curriculum) (ACARA, 2012 NTCF, 2012)

Golden Ratio in the Human Body

THE florid RATIO IN THE HUMAN BODY GABRIELLE NAHAS IBDP MATH STUDIES THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 23rd 2012 WORD COUNT 2,839 INTRODUCTION The fortunate Ratio, also known as The Divine Proportion, The Golden Mean, or Phi, is a unalterable that can be chinkn all throughout the mathematical world. This irrational number, Phi (? ) is equal to 1. 618 when rounded. It is described as dividing a railway in the extreme and mean ratio. This means that when you divide segments of a delineate that always have a same quotient. When lines like these argon divided, Phi is the quotient When the black line is 1. 18 (Phi) times larger than the sick line and the zesty line is 1. 618 times larger than the red line, you are able to find Phi. What makes Phi such a mathematical phenomenon is how often it can be engraft in many distinct places and situations all everyplace the world. It is seen in architecture, nature, Fibonacci numbers, and even more amazingly,the human eubstance. Fibonacci Numbers have proven to be closely tie in to the Golden Ratio. They are a series of numbers discovered by Leonardo Fibonacci in 1175AD. In the Fibonacci Series, every number is the sum of the dickens before it.The term number is known as n. The front term is Un so, in order to find the next term in the sequence, the last two Un and Un+1 are added. (Knott). Formula Un + Un+1 = Un+2 Example The second term (U2) is 1 the 3rd term (U3) is 2. The fourth term is going to be 1+2, making U3 equal 3. Fibonacci Series 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, receipts When each term in the Fibonacci Series is divided by the term before it, the quotient is Phi, with the exception of the first 9 terms, which are still very close to equaling Phi. Term (n) First Term Un here and nowTerm Un+1 Second Term/First Term (Un+1 /Un) 1 0 1 n/a 2 1 1 1 3 1 2 2 4 2 3 1. 5 5 3 5 1. 667 6 5 8 1. 6 7 8 13 1. 625 8 13 21 1. 615 9 21 34 1. 619 10 34 55 1. 618 11 55 89 1. 618 12 89 144 1. 618 Lines that follow the Fibona cci Series are found all over the world and are lines that can be divided to find Phi. One enkindle place they are found is in the human embody. Many examples of Phi can be seen in the hands, typeface and body. For example, when the length of a persons forearm is divided by the length of that persons hand, the quotient is Phi.The distance from a persons head to their fingertips divided by the distance from that persons head to their elbows equals Phi. (Jovanovic). Because Phi is found in so many natural places, it is called the Divine ratio. It can be tried in a number of ways, and has been by various scientists and mathematicians. I have chosen to investigate the Phi constant and its appearance in the human body, to find the ratio in different sized people and see if my results match what is expect. The aim of this investigation is to find examples of the number 1. 618 in different people and investigate some other places where Phi is found.Three ratios will be compared. The ra tios investigated are the ratio of head to toe and head to fingertips, the ratio of the utmost prick of the indicant finger to the middle section of the index finger, and the ratio of forearm to hand. dactyl 1 FIGURE 2 FIGURE 3 The first ratio is the white line in the to the light blue line in FIGURE 1 The second ratio is the ratio of the black line to the blue line in FIGURE 2 The third ratio is the ratio of the light blue line to the dark blue line in FIGURE 3 METHOD DESIGN Specific body part of people of different ages and genders were measured in centimeters.Five people were measured and each participant had these parts measured * duration from head to foot * Distance from head to fingertips * duration of lowest section of index finger * Length of middle section of index finger * Distance from elbow to fingertips * Distance from wrist to fingertips The ratios were found, to see how close their quotients are to Phi (1. 618). Then the percentage going was found for each re sult. PARTICIPANTS The people were of different ages and genders. For variety, a 4- category-old fe manful, 8-year-old virile, 18-year-old womanly, 18-year-old male and a 45-year-old male were measured.All of the measurements are in this investigation with the ratios found and how close they are to the constant Phi are analyzed. The results were put into tables by each set of measurements and the ratios were found. DATA Participant Measurement ( 0. 5 cm) Measurement 4/ young-bearing(prenominal) 8/male 18/female 18/male 45/male Distance from head to foot 105. 5 124. 5 167 1 hundred eighty 185 Distance from head to fingertips 72. 5 84 97 110 cxv Length of lowest section of index finger 2 3 3 3 3 Length of middle section of index finger 1. 2 2 2. 5 2 2 Distance from elbow to fingertips 27 30 40 48 50Distance from wrist to fingertips 15 18. 5 25 28 31 RATIO 1 RATIO OF HEAD TO TOE AND HEAD TO FINGERTIPS Measurements Participant Distance from head to foot (0. 5 cm) Distance from hea d to fingertips (0. 5 cm) 4-year-old female 105. 5 72. 5 8-year-old male 124. 5 85 18-year-old female 167 97 18-year-male 180 110 45-year-old male 185 115 Ratios These are the original quotients that were found from the measurements. According to the Golden Ratio, the pass judgment quotients will all equal Phi (1. 618). Distance from head to footDistance from head to fingertips 1. 4-year-old female 105. 0. 5 cm/ 72. 50. 5 cm = 1. 455 1. 2% 2. 8-year-old male 124. 50. 5 cm/ 850. 5 cm = 1. 465 1. 0% 3. 18-year-old female 1670. 5 cm/ 970. 5 cm = 1. 722 5. 2% 4. 18-year-old male 1800. 5 cm/ 1100. 5 cm = 1. 636 1. 0% 5. 45-year-old male 1850. 5 cm/ 1150. 5 cm = 1. 609 0. 7% How close each result is to Phi This shows the remainder mingled with the actual quotient, what was measured, and the pass judgment quotient (1. 618). This is found by subtracting the actual quotient from Phi and using the absolute regard as to get the difference so it does not give a negative answer. 1. 18- Actual Quotient=difference between result and Phi The difference between each quotient and 1. 618 1. 4-year-old female 1. 618- 1. 455 1. 2% = 0. 163 1. 2% 2. 8-year-old male 1. 618- 1. 465 1. 0% = 0. 153 1. 0% 3. 18-year-old female 1. 618- 1. 722 5. 2% = 0. 1 5. 2% 4. 18-year-old male 1. 618- 1. 636 1. 0% = 0. 018 5. 45-year-old male 1. 618- 1. 609 0. 7% = 0. 009 Percentage Error To find how close the results are to the expected value of Phi, percentage error can be used. Percentage error is how close experimental results are to expected results.Percentage error is found by dividing the difference between each quotient and Phi by Phi (1. 618) and multiplying that result by 100. This gives you the difference of the actual quotient to the expected quotient, Phi, in a percentage. (Roberts) Difference1. 618 x100=Percentage difference between result and Phi 1. 4-year-old female 0. 163 1. 2%/1. 618 x 100 = 10. 1 0. 12% 2. 8-year-old male 0. 153 1. 0%/1. 618 x 100 = 9. 46 0. 09 % 3. 18-year-old female 0. 1 5. 2% /1. 618 x 100 = 6. 18 0. 3% 4. 18-year-old male 0. 018/1. 618 x 100 = 1. 11% 5. 45-year-old male 0. 009/1. 618 x 100 = 0. 5% come 10. 1 0. 12% + 9. 46 0. 09% + 6. 18 0. 3% + 1. 11% + 0. 55% / 5 = 5. 48 0. 5% ANALYSIS The highest percentage error, the percent difference between the result and Phi, is 10. 1 0. 12%. This is a small percentage error, and means that all but one of the ratios was more than 90% accurate. This is a good example of the Golden Ratio in the human body because all the values are close to Phi. Also, as the age of the participants increases, the percentage error decreases, so as people get older, the ratio of their head to feet to the ratio of their head to fingertips gets closer to PhiRATIO 2 RATIO OF THE diaphragm SECTION OF THE INDEX FINGER TO THE BOTTOM SECTION OF THE INDEX FINGER Measurements Participant Length of lowest section of index finger (0. 5 cm) Length of middle section of index finger (0. 5 cm) 4 year old female 2 1 8 year old male 3 2 18 year old female 3 2. 5 18 year male 3 2 35 year old male 3 2 Ratios Length of lowest section of index finger Length of middle section of index finger 1. 4-year-old female 2 0. 5 cm/ 1 0. 5 cm = 2 75% 2. 8-year-old male 3 0. 5 cm/ 2 0. 5 cm = 1. 5 42% 3. 18-year-old female 3 0. 5 cm/ 2. 0. 5 cm = 1. 2 37% 4. 18-year-old male 3 0. 5 cm/ 2 0. 5 cm = 1. 5 42% 5. 45-year-old male 3 0. 5 cm/ 2 0. 5 cm = 1. 5 42% How close each result is to Phi 1. 618-Actual Quotient=difference between result and Phi The difference between each quotient and 1. 618 1. 4-year-old female 1. 618- 2 75% = 0. 382 75% 2. 8-year-old male 1. 618- 1. 5 42% = 0. 118 42% 3. 18-year-old female 1. 618- 1. 2 37% = 0. 418 37% 4. 18-year-old male 1. 618- 1. 5 42% = 0. 118 42% 5. 45-year-old male 1. 618- 1. 5 42% = 0. 118 42% Percentage Error Difference1. 18 x100=Percentage difference between result and Phi 1. 4-year-old female 0. 382 75%/1. 618 x 100 = 23. 6 17. 7% 2. 8-year-old male 0. 118 42%/1. 618 x 100 = 7. 3 3. 1% 3. 18-year-old female 0. 418 37%/1. 618 x 100 = 25. 8 9. 5% 4. 18-year-old male 0. 118 42%/1. 618 x 100 = 7. 3 3. 1% 5. 45-year-old male 0. 118 42%/1. 618 x 100 = 7. 3 3. 1% AVERAGE 23. 617. 7% + 7. 3 3. 1% + 25. 8 9. 5% + 7. 3 3. 1% + 7. 3 3. 1%/5= 14. 3 36. 5% ANALYSIS With this ratio, 3 of the results come out with a