Effects of Prenatal Exposure to Valproic Acid and Autism - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1234 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/02/14 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: Autism Essay Did you like this example? INTRODUCTION Autism is a neurodevelopmental Disorder, one of five disorders classified collectively as autism spectrum disorder, is diagnosable by the age of three. Diagnosed individuals may show many symptoms such as pervasive impairments in social interactions, deficits in verbal and nonverbal communication and, stereotyped, repetitive patterns of behaviors interests (Zimmermann, Gaspary, Leite, Cognato, Bonan, 2015). Autism is said to have a strong genetic environmental connection. However, the etiology of autism has not yet been copiously understood or studied (Chen, et al., 2018). Effects of prenatal exposure to valproic acid, one of the widely used antiepileptic drug for the treatment of seizures and bipolar disorder and overactivation of Protein Kinase C is being discussed in this paper (Liu, et al., 2018). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Effects of Prenatal Exposure to Valproic Acid and Autism" essay for you Create order PRENATAL EXPOSURE TO VALPROIC ACID Exposure to valproic acid during embryonic growth adjusts neural progenitor cell proliferation and could also cause behavioral disfigurements in adult organisms (Lee, Kim, Yun, Lee, 2013). Embryos collected from Wild-type AB line spawning adult zebrafish within about 0.5 h of spawning had been exposed to a VPA stock solution of 500 mM for the initial step of this study. The working solution had been prepared by diluting stock solution instantly prior to the experiment. The six different concentrations of solutions where the embryos from 8 to 120 h post fertilization were continuously exposed were between 0 and 1500 ?M, with the 0 being the control (Chen, et al., 2018). Developmental endpoints measured in this study comprised of malformations mortality at 120 hours post fertilization. In this study the experiments contained of three biological triplicates with 20 embryos in each repeat. At the end embryos were moved to clean fish water for additional evaluations where the size of their head was measured at 4.5 days post fertilization and behavioral patterns were evaluated five days post fertilization with the use of Alcian blue stain and Image J software procedures (Chen, et al., 2018). Zebrafish embryos exposed to Valproic acid were assessed for Embryonic and larval movement behaviors, spontaneous movement such as alternating tail bending or coiling, the response to touch in embryos that were manually dechorionated and the distance moved after touching were scored manually. Moreover, Larvae were adapted for 20 minutes before recording swimming for 10min visible light period, followed by a 10-minute dark (infrared light) period for evaluation of the average swim speed in light and dark atmospheres (Chen, et al., 2018). Basic tracking settings were used for larval movement tests such as their preference behavior of light and dark backgrounds and the number of times larva crossed between light dark areas where data collected every 60sec for 6 minutes. Shoaling behaviors, Mirror attack behaviors and, Social contact were additional tests that was carried out (Chen, et al., 2018). OVERACTIVATION OF PROTEIN KINASE C AB strain zebrafish larvae soaked in PMA, a Phorbol 12-myristate- Subgroup of PKC enzyme between 48?hours and 72?post fertilization were used in this study. Once the chorions were detached at 12?hours post fertilization embryos were exposed to DMSO and PMA, then collected for subsequent analysis once 24 hours passed. RNA isolation and Reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was carried out on an ABI Viia 7 Real Time PCR System for further analysis at the end of the experimental procedures (Liu, et al., 2018). The head size was demarcated by the otic vesicle semicircle of eyes as posterior and lower frontier. Measurements just as in the previous study were estimated using ImageJ software. For the Behavioral assays larval fish that were placed in a 24-well plate inside a wooden box were monitored on automated video tracking system in two cycles of 5-minute light and 5-minute dark backgrounds. Western blotting, Immunostaining and, TUNEL labeling procedures had been used for additional valuations (Liu, et al., 2018). RESULTS It was confirmed that valproic acid exposures induced several malformations in the zebrafish. Uninflated swim bladder, pericardial edema and yolk sac edema had been observed. Consequently, the occurrence of abnormalities was found to be significantly diverse compared to control larvae at concentrations including and above 500 ?M (P Most importantly it was found that valproic acid exposure in zebrafish produced a macrocephalic phenotypic head where the circumference of the head is greater than 2 standard deviations than average for a given age and sex. However, no changes in the body length were noted. Additionally, the lowest concentration of valproic acid (5 ?M, P The hypothesis of early-life PKC hyper-activation leading to mild developmental delay and reduced brain size resulting in neurogenic defects was verified in the study of protein kinase experimentation. It was also evaluated that zebrafish exposed to PMA were hypoactive in lighted backgrounds and hyperactive in the dark phased environments (Liu, et al., 2018). DISCUSSION Evaluating the studies, it is clear that non-teratogenic valproic acid exposure resulted in macrocephalic phenotypes in larval zebrafish, fabricating hyperactivity and impaired social behavior (Chen, et al., 2018). Deficits in social interaction, anxiety and stereotyped activities which are considered outcomes of a dysfunctional neural system could be compared with some of the core characteristics associated with autism spectrum disorders (Lee, Kim, Yun, Lee, 2013). Increased head circumference and volume is also a clear visual abnormality that could be seen in some autistic individuals at a certain point of their life. PKC hyper-activation during early development could cause many pathological features such as developmental delays, motor abnormalities and exaggerated stress responses. Furthermore, neuropathogenic effects of developmental PKC hyper-activation was reinforced by behavioral changes (Liu, et al., 2018). Several neurological and psychiatric syndromes are characterized by variations in the social realm (Zimmermann, Gaspary, Leite, Cognato, Bonan, 2015). The optical lucidity and quick development, comparable stages and components of the central nervous system to higher vertebrates, all have made Zebrafish an ideal and advantageous model for many different research studies (Roper Tanguay, 2018). Even though behavioral studies could be immeasurable accurately the identification of targetable molecular pathways underlying neurodevelopmental defects could create paths in the development of possible therapeutic strategies for autism as well as countless other disorders that affect the society. References Chen, J., Lei, L., Tian, L., Hou, F., Roper, C., Ge, X., . . . Huang, C. (2018). Developmental and behavioral alterations in zebrafish embryonically exposed to valproic acid (VPA): An aquatic model for autism. Neurotoxicology and Teratology,66, 8-16. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2018.01.002 Kim, L., He, L., Maaswinkel, H., Zhu, L., Sirotkin, H., Weng, W. (2014). Anxiety, hyperactivity and stereotypy in a zebrafish model of fragile X syndrome and autism spectrum disorder. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry,55, 40-49. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.03.007 Lee, Y., Kim, Y., Yun, J., Lee, C. (2013). Valproic acid decreases the proliferation of telencephalic cells in zebrafish larvae. Neurotoxicology and Teratology,39, 91-99. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2013.07.004 Liu, T., Shi, Y., Chan, M. T., Peng, G., Zhang, Q., Sun, X., . . . Cheng, C. H. (2018). Developmental protein kinase C hyper-activation results in microcephaly and behavioral abnormalities in zebrafish. Translational Psyc hiatry,8(1). doi:10.1038/s41398-018-0285-5 Roper, C., Tanguay, R. L. (2018). Zebrafish as a Model for Developmental Biology and Toxicology. Handbook of Developmental Neurotoxicology,143-151. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809405-1.00012-2 Zimmermann, F. F., Gaspary, K. V., Leite, C. E., Cognato, G. D., Bonan, C. D. (2015). Embryological exposure to valproic acid induces social interaction deficits in zebrafish (Danio rerio): A developmental behavior analysis. Neurotoxicology and Teratology,52, 36-41. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2015.10.002

Research Methodology For Research Design - 2478 Words

3.1 Introduction This chapter presents the research methodology employed in this thesis in respect of the research objectives by ensuring the application of the appropriate methodology. Among other things the research design, population, sampling procedures and sample size, data collection technique and research instrument were discussed. Finally, the data analysis and research limitations were looked at. . 3.2 Research design Research design constitutes the entire strategy for data collection including the specific data analysis techniques or methods the researcher intends to use. Three major approaches are mostly considered by researcher during research methodology. These are quantitative, qualitative or mixed approaches. However, Ghauri et al. (1995) maintained that quantitative and qualitative methods are two types of research methods mostly used by researchers. According to Bryman Bell (2007), the quantitative method entails systematic empirical studies which involve quantifying through the assistance of mathematics and statistics. Data is collected and transformed into numbers which are empirically tested to see if a relationship can be found in order to be able to draw conclusions from the results gained. On the other hand, qualitative research does not rely on statistics or numbers rather qualitative research often refers to case studies where the collection of information can be received from a few studying objects. According to Biggam (2008) quantitativeShow MoreRelatedResearch Methodology For The Research Design Essay1447 Words   |  6 PagesThis following chapter seeks to show how the research is to be carried out. It focuses on methods/techniques to be used in conducting the research, the logic behind the methods employed, and justifications for each of the approaches/techniques. 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With this in mind, it is recommended that a company XYZ Inc. should consider expanding its market outreach by venturing inRead MoreResearch Design And Methodology Of The Social Sciences1249 Words   |  5 PagesCHAPTER THREE RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 3.0 Introduction. This chapter presents the methodology used in carrying out the research. It describes the type and source of data, the study area, the target population, sampling methods and techniques used to select the sample size. The chapter also describes data collection and analysis techniques. 3.1Research Method There are two general methods in the social sciences: quantitative and qualitative research. Mouton and Marais (1990) define the differencesRead MoreResearch Design and Methodology for Business Decision4411 Words   |  18 Pages2.1 INTRODUCTION OF RESEARCH REPORT: What is Research Design? Research design can be thought of as the structure of research – it is the glue that holds all of the elements in a research project together. There are many definitions of design, but no single definition imparts the full range of important aspects. 2.2 BACKGROUND OF THE RESEARCH REPORT Company wants to know that quality of product is under control limits or not and they want to detect assignable causes of variationRead MoreResearch Methodology On How The Researcher Carried Out The Research Design? Essay1894 Words   |  8 PagesCHAPTER THREE 3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The following section gives an outline or guideline on how the researcher carried out the research. According to Kerlinger (1973), a research design is a plan, structure and strategy of investigation considered so as to get responses to research questions and to regulate adjustments. Selltiz et al (1976; 90) also defined a research design as the organization of circumstances for collection and analysis of data in a way that targets to syndicate applicability

Educational Preparation of the Baccalaureate Degree Nurse Free Essays

Educational Preparation of the Baccalaureate degree Nurse ShellyCraw March 16, 2013 Educational Preparation of the Baccalaureate degree Nurse To truly understand the differences between the Baccalaureate of Science in nursing degree verses the Diploma nurse and the Associates Degree in Nursing, you must first be able to understand the definition, description and the competencies of each Degree. 1. Definition of the Diploma Nurse A Diploma Nurse is someone who completes a nursing curriculum associated with a hospital or medical facility than traditional colleges. We will write a custom essay sample on Educational Preparation of the Baccalaureate Degree Nurse or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Diploma Nurse program is a three-year program. (â€Å"Diploma vs. BSN,† 2010, p. 1) 2. Definition of the Associates Degree in Nursing An Associate’s Degree in Nursing is a two to three year degree. Requirements are a minimum of 60 semester credit hours. Often these nursing degrees are conferred at community colleges. There are many 4 year colleges and universities that offer the associates degree programs as well. (Seehorn, â€Å"n. d. †, p. 1) 3. Definition of the Baccalaureate Degree in Nursing (BSN) A Baccalaureate Degree in nursing is described as a Bachelor of Science degree with a major in nursing that combines theory and clinical nursing courses and is granted by an accredited school. Read Chapter 8 Microbial Genetics This degree is a 4 year degree which requires a minimum of 120 semester credit hours. (â€Å"Bachelor Degree,† â€Å"n. d. †, Para. 1) There are many levels of nursing degrees out there today and there are different competencies between them. The Nursing state licensure began in 1903. The importance of this date protects the public and helps nurses to define the role and scope of nursing practice. At one time all nurses in the U. S. were diploma pre-pared. The nursing Diploma began around World War 2. During the war, little girls were encouraged to go into the nursing profession from reading or being read to the children’s book series of Cherry Ames. She used to be a hospital diploma nurse. My grandmother told me about these books when I was younger so when I started to research the differences between nursing degrees I came across information on Cherry Ames, The hospital Diploma Nurse. The hospital-based nursing Diploma schools continue to decrease, but many still exist. Some diploma nursing schools require you to complete your non-nursing prerequisite courses at another school. Competencies for diploma nurses came from attending classes and hands-on training in their school which was associated with a hospital or medical facility rather than traditional colleges. Nursing education has changed in so many ways. Nursing education can either be taken on-line or in a classroom setting. Each degree provides different job opportunities. Knowing what specialty you may want to go into will be very important in deciding the nursing program and even the school you attend to obtain your degree. (â€Å"Diploma vs. BSN,† 2010, p. 1) Another path to becoming a registered nurse or R. N. is to obtain an Associate Degree in nursing, also known as Associate of nursing (AN), Associate of applied science in nursing (AAS) and Associate of Science in Nursing (ASN). The Associate degree programs began in 1952. This started up nursing to a diverse population than had existed with the diploma and baccalaureate nursing education. An Associate Degree in nursing can be earned at either a community college, technical college or a university in two to three years time. An Associate Degree nurse focuses on the technical teachings of nursing. The competencies of the Associate Degree Nurse are to take classes in nursing, physiology anatomy, microbiology, chemistry, nutrition, psychology and other social and behavioral sciences. Also required of the Associate Degree Nurse is to complete supervised clinical experiences. The Associate Degree in nursing program is shorter and focuses on clinical skills, more task oriented but lacking theory and science of the nursing profession. You will find theoretical and academic teaching of nursing covered in a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) program. The Diploma, Associate Degree and the Bachelor of Science Degree in Nursing will qualify a person to take the same licensing exam NCLEX. (Seehorn, â€Å"n. . †, p. 1 In the Baccalaureate degree in Nursing (BSN) helps prepare nurses for a profession away from the bedside nursing role. The coursework is focused on incorporating the nurse’s roles of critical thinking skills, communication, assessment, providing patient centered care, teaching in our clinical settings or out into the community, and leading. The values of this caring professional approach include autonomy, altruism, human dignity, integrity and social justice with unconditional regard for all people. The Nursing practice for the BSN is best described as promotion of health, prevention of disease, early detection of health deviations, early adequate treatment of the human response to chronic and acute illness, and compassionate care for those around and experiencing death. The BSN is a longer program and focuses on nursing theory and research based and emphasizes on the entire field of nursing which would include human diversity, global perspective, health promotion, and spiritual perspectives, ethical, legal, political, historical and social influences and including biblical concepts for complete understanding of the nursing field. Nursing care and or approaches to decision-making may differ based upon the educational preparation of the nurse (BSN versus a diploma or ADN degree). Nurses are in demand more and more each day and with that come knowledge of the profession. With the increase of patient care needs in clinical and medical facilities, nurses have been called to do more in and outside of their scope of practices calling for more education for current hospital nurses. In the hospital that I am currently working at, I have seen an increase in nurse clinicians hired to work side by side with a physician. The qualifications for working as a nurse clinician in a hospital setting are hospital nursing experience and a Baccalaureate degree in Nursing. Due to the increase in patient care in the hospital setting the need for effective medical care was needed in the help of improving patient outcomes, less hospital re-admissions and shorter hospital stays. Nursing care has taken on a much bigger role than just your basic bed-side nursing role; it has incorporated the nursing care plans, critical thinking and collaboration between medical team members. Nursing demands will continue to grow in our fast paced world that we are living in and in the future. We will continue to face nursing shortages, global society changes, environment changes, potential pandemic diseases and wars. Through continuing education, nurses will have the tools they will need to face the future of nursing. References Bachelor of Science Degree in Nursing. (â€Å"n. d. †). Retrieved from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Bachelor_of_science_in_nursing ugrad1. gcu. edu/learningPlatform/content/content. tml? operation=viewContentcontentId=64c8752c-002a-46c8-8d0c-33de471e7902 Seehorn, A. (â€Å"n. d. †). Definition of an Associate Degree. Retrieved from http://www. ehow. com/about_5095401_definition-associate-degree. html#ixzz2NgBBh9Xx Competency Differences between ADN verses BSN Nurses. Retrieved from What are the differences between a Diploma Nurse and a Bsn Nurse? (2010). Retrieved from http://www. healthecareers. com/article/what-are-the-differenc es-between-a-diploma-nurse-and-a-bsn-nurse/158335 How to cite Educational Preparation of the Baccalaureate Degree Nurse, Papers

The Atomic Bomb Was It Nessesary Essay Example For Students

The Atomic Bomb: Was It Nessesary Essay August 6th, 1945, 70,0000 lives were ended in a matter of seconds. The United States had dropped an atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima. Today many argue whether or not the U.S. should have taken such a drastic measure. Was it entirely necessary that we drop such a devastating weapon? To answer that first we must look at was going on in the world at the time of the conflict. The U.S. had been fighting a massive war since 1941. Moral was most likely low, and resources were at the same level as moral. Still both sides continued to fight and both were determined to win. Obviously the best thing that could have possibly happened would have been to bring the war to a quick end with a minimum of allied casualties. Harry Trumans decision to drop the atomic bomb was entirely warranted and was in the best interest of Americans and the world. Three factors should be considered to fully realize this. First, what would have happened should we have not dropped the bomb? Would WWII have ended shortly afterwards without nuclear arms-not likely. Secondly we must consider the Japanese peoples extreme dedication to their country and emperor, willing to give up their own lives without thinking to stop the enemy. Lastly the morality of nuclear bombing must be explored. While many may argue against the use of such a seemingly cruel form of attack was unnecessary, it is obvious that the atomic bomb was the only means to an end of WWII. What would have happened had the A-bomb not been used? The most obvious answer is that he war would have continued. U.S. forces therefore would have had to invade the home island of Japan. It is hard to imagine the number of additional casualties we would have incurred had a Japanese land war been necessary. Also, our forces would not only have to fend off the Japanese military, but they would also be defending themselves against the civilian peoples of Japan as well. Like the Vietnamese that would come years later, the Japanese government was equipping citizens with any kind of weapon available from guns and knives to spears. Also public support was strongly behind Truman and the allied forces. In the following quote taken from a radio address of the time Harry S. Truman explains what has happened and his motives behind the decision The world will note that the first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima. We have won the race of discovery against the Germans. We have used it in order to shorten the agony of war in order to save the lives of thousands and thousands of young Americans. We shall continue to use it until we completely destroy Japans power to make war. This quote embodies the spirit of the American people of the time. The public was eager for a quick end to the war and American casualties. Also Truman threatens to utilize the A-bombs power again until we are victorious. In hindsight it is clear the correct decision was made. How can anyone be certain that Japan would have continued to fight? It is possible that they were preparing for surrender, no one can say for certain exactly what would have happened but by examining evidence of Japanese culture and warfare it is obvious that would not have been the case. At the time of WWII systematic and organized education made efficient brainwashing possible. In public schools, students were taught to die for the emperor. By late 1944, a slogan of Jusshi Reisho meaning, Sacrifice life, was taught. In addition to civilians dedication to their country, there was a group of military pilots called the Kamikaze. Kamikaze were suicide pilots. .ub9a8599fc2ae63125f99a844d50d9ae2 , .ub9a8599fc2ae63125f99a844d50d9ae2 .postImageUrl , .ub9a8599fc2ae63125f99a844d50d9ae2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub9a8599fc2ae63125f99a844d50d9ae2 , .ub9a8599fc2ae63125f99a844d50d9ae2:hover , .ub9a8599fc2ae63125f99a844d50d9ae2:visited , .ub9a8599fc2ae63125f99a844d50d9ae2:active { border:0!important; } .ub9a8599fc2ae63125f99a844d50d9ae2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub9a8599fc2ae63125f99a844d50d9ae2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub9a8599fc2ae63125f99a844d50d9ae2:active , .ub9a8599fc2ae63125f99a844d50d9ae2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub9a8599fc2ae63125f99a844d50d9ae2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub9a8599fc2ae63125f99a844d50d9ae2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub9a8599fc2ae63125f99a844d50d9ae2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub9a8599fc2ae63125f99a844d50d9ae2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub9a8599fc2ae63125f99a844d50d9ae2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub9a8599fc2ae63125f99a844d50d9ae2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub9a8599fc2ae63125f99a844d50d9ae2 .ub9a8599fc2ae63125f99a844d50d9ae2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub9a8599fc2ae63125f99a844d50d9ae2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Throughout The Novel Wuthering Heights, Emily Bront Effectively Utili Essay They would load up an airplane and try to nose dive it into an enemy target. Think about what must be on that pilots mind. Imagine the undying love for his country. He would fight to the bitter end for his emperor. The most frightening part of this is that the entire Japanese military thought this way. The fact that the enemy is willing to die so long as you die with him is not something .

HRM Strategy at the Emirates Airline

Introduction As competition in businesses increase, international companies continue to develop dynamic strategies that can allow them survive in the current global market. Emirates Airline is one such company that enjoys the fruits of proper strategic planning and implementation of employee engagement and retention systems across the globe. This paper seeks to analyse various strategies Emirates Airline employ in human resource sector. Similarly, the paper will seek to outline the benefits of such programs to global business entities.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on HRM Strategy at the Emirates Airline specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Company Vision and Mission All business entities boast of missions and visions for the venture. Emirates group believes in caring for employees, relevant stakeholders, environment, and communities, as well as strive towards ensuring adequate service to these groups of people (The Emirates Group par. 1). However, the company’s visions and missions must accompany such factors to ensure production lies within the expectations of the venture. Emirates airline believes that ambitious and well-calculated decisions made by a stable and strong management team create great organisations. The company does not only believe in ethical leadership for its success, but also caring for the communities it serve and the environment as well. Leadership Style and Human Resource Management at the Emirates Airline Success of an organisation relies on the financial muscles of the entity and the leadership structure in place for successful implementation of strategies that are essential for high productivity. For any organisation to succeed in implementing a strategy, effective and efficient leadership structures are necessary. Leadership an essential element in the success of businesses since it instils a motivating culture and positive attitudes in employees in order to wo rk towards meeting their targets. In order for an entire workforce to engage in activities towards a common goal, a suitable leadership team is necessary to give directions and offer supervision functions (Ilgen and Pulakos 54). The Emirates Airline has an outsourcing partnership with Infosys Technologies from India through it technology solutions arm, Mercator. Apart from hosting other Middle East Airlines, Mercator offers loyalty solutions, cargo operation, and revenue accounting. In essence, the airline company does not outsource services like departure control, reservations, and revenue accounting since its technology solutions arm is tasked with such services. Charismatic style of leadership plays an integral role in the success of Emirates Airline. His Highness Ahmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum proudly integrates patience and consensus building among the work force to come up with the most viable production strategies.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The free-area thinking strategy helps in the development of successful and innovative ideas that thrusts the company into the global markets (The Emirates Group par. 7). These leadership skills continue to propel the Emirates Airline into conquering the flight market. For example, it became the first company to install Audio Video On Demand (AVOD) in the seats of all classes and introduce on-board showers. Systems Development of human resource systems to the business strategy entails a one-way vertical fit. Such an alignment remains conceptualised at Emirates in various ways. Many scholars view this system as a reactive measure. However, it plays a vital role in collaborating with the business strategy to ensure successful business process. Human Resource Torrington, Hall, and Taylor in a study on human resource management strategies indicates that in this strategy, most business entities engage in wide-ra nging methods of acquiring and maintaining a productive workforce (101). Innovation, quality enhancement, and cost reduction systems prove important in the recruitment process at the Emirates Airline. All these factors ensure that the business franchise enjoys a competitive advantage over their rivals in the market, such as Gulf Airlines Etihad, Virgin Australia Airlines, and Qatar Airways. Organisation Different systems of management strategy exist at the Emirates Airline. For example, cost reduction strategy compels workers to invest more energy in production, while innovation strategy demands that workers engage in diverse and quality production systems that enable them develop smart and viable products and services. Innovation as a core production input necessitates freethinking and development of new ideas within the business, hence creating chances for the management to choose the best viable ideas for implementation (Ilgen and Pulakos 57). Culture Within Emirates Airline, the re exist proper systems of performance appraisals and employee motivation. These systems mainly focus on the long-term results and long-term goals and objective of the firm. Ilgen and Pulakos argue that in the company’s liberal job descriptions exist with employees enjoying opportunities to learn across the entire workforce needs (61). Compensation and remuneration systems offer adequate benefits such as the stock options and bonuses. Development of cooperative culture remains the main goal of the company. Human Resource Approach In the past, countries within the Middle East remained with limited competitive advantage in global business. The UAE, in particular, faces many challenges in demographics, unemployment issues, sustainability matters, educational concerns, and mainstream gender needs.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on HRM Strategy at the Emirates Airline specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To counter act these problems, a nationalisation process dubbed Emiratisation came into perspective. This process aims at reducing the demand for expatriate workers and encourages focus on active participation of women in the commercial society (Randeree 73). Since the joint venture targets the UAE’s market, it will have to engage its available human resource in employment and education in line with both the Arab and Islamic customs and traditional practices. The major target of the employment opportunities remain the nationalisation of the Emirates with focus rapidly shifting to women. Emirates Airline boasts of an established system of employee and mentorship program that is essential for employee development and productivity at the workplace (Randeree 76). Drivers of change within HR External environments provide opportunities for business development. However, it comes with major constraints to the venture; such constraints affect proper functioning of HR departments. At the airline company, external stakeholders such as government, media, environmentalists, local community organisation, and consumer advocates coupled with external factors like legislative regulations, competition, technology, and market trends may influence strategy formulation, thus necessitating changes in the HR department. Similarly, internal organisational culture, continued coalition within the workforce, and employee civil strives also necessitates changes in the HR strategy. Performance Appraisal Emirates employees, especially the workforce in the airline sector play essential functions in the venture. The flying crew, for instance, must exhibit paramount responsibility in transporting clients while making sure that they offer satisfying and enjoyable services. The flying crew believes in maintaining diligence and efficiency in order to satisfy customers and retain them as well. Inadequacies and inefficiencies may result in exodus of customers, thus reducing the profit margins (Carter , Giber, and Goldsmith 142). Optimising performance among the flying crew employee remains a major objective in the Emirate Airlines. To increase service delivery, the company ensures that the selected flying staffs develop their personal and professional skills through specific and inclusive training programmes. The HR department at the Emirates Airline performs frequent performance valuations the workforce to determine their attitudes towards work, skills’ relevance, and personalities. Similarly, such performance assessments play an integral role in recommending promotions, work reallocations, and determining compensation packages.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Performance Development Performance development strategy exits within the Emirates Airline; the section provides a wide range of services aimed at assisting the managers within the business to make overall improvement in the workforce performances. Performance development program aims at facilitating long-term thinking and planning, supporting workforce realignment to production processes and technology, and ensuring that the production process remains simple, innovative, efficient, and effective. Emirates Airline’s management team boasts of wider resource bases for developing talents and supporting production process. At the same time, the personal development program ensures that employees engage freely in innovation processes in order to improve the overall productivity. In the multi-disciplinary facet of the group, cross-functional teams exist to ensure that every aspect of the company remains into perspective in the development of new ideas of production. The management system of the airline firm engages in competitive job allocation process with productivity, innovativeness, and hard work forming the basis of gauging the prospective employees in interviews (Carter et al.149). Communications and Employee Engagement Communication link between employees and the company exist in the Emirates Airline in which team leaders report on the progress of various teams. This link provides an avenue for successful presentation of dissatisfaction and compliments between the two parties. Similarly, it provides an ample ground for employees to express their opinions on the day-to-day management of the production process. On the same note, horizontal communication among employees is vital. Middle level managers and low tier employees involved in cross-functional team continuously engage each other in production segments. This provides an avenue for information sharing and ideas appreciation thus leading to high productivity (Verghese 243). Verghese goes further to note that senior leadership and management team remains responsible for setting out proper communication mechanisms within an organisation (257). Engaging employees at all level ensures employees’ voices remain active in the communication system since this informs the employees on all the on-going issues within the company, thus creating the opportunity for building psychological contracts with the employers. Such a communication system plays an important role in employee engagement resulting into better performance, employee retention, and general well-being of the company. Emirates’ Culture Emirates Airline remains a centralised organisation with the top management defining both decisions and strategies of development (Emirates Group par. 11). The Emirates Group’s CEO and the chairperson, His Highness Ahmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum, play an important role as the leader of the group; he believes in workplace diversity, and encourages open communication within the c ompany to strengthen the bond among the stakeholders. Even though these departments have sub-groups and thematic teams for specialised service delivery, the main goal of the entire company remains offering quality services and products. The Emirates Airline invests a lot in intensive training and employee development to ensure that the team achieves the goals of satisfying customers’ needs. Finney in her studies argues that, these factors make the company to enjoy a pool of talented labour force, thus gaining solid ground in the global market (27). Such a strategy enables the company to engage in independent business as opposed to group business, as evident in the flight service provision. The independence of service delivery ensures fast decision-making due to the few stakeholders involved in the process. Such initiatives coupled with intensive corporate citizenship and social responsibility that are needed for international branding and advertisement ensures that the client base remains large in order to maintain a competitive advantage in the crowded market. Behavioural Models Emirates Airline stands out as the most prominent airline in the Middle East. Sustainable business model remains the sole driver of its success. Innovative employees and conducive working environment ensure that the company enjoys a competitive advantage over its rivals. Organisational culture and production environment in the company motivate employees into productive performance, thus facilitating the achievement of the firm’s strategic objectives. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs holds that individual basic needs revolve around motivation and satisfaction. The Emirates Airline ensures that both customers and employees receive these satisfaction and motivation to remain in touch with their products and services. Fulfilling employees’ psychological, safety, social, self-esteem, and self-actualisation needs creates a setting for adequate behavioural strategies i n the company. Similarly, proper customer satisfactions ensure that customers get the value for their money, thus increasing their chances of requiring the same services. All these structures ensure that the company enjoys a competitive advantage in the market (Carter et al. 73). Unique Attires Emirates Airline’s staffs stand out with the world’s most unique uniform. The emirates hat, the red kick-pleat skirts, the service waist coast, a red tie, jackets and tabards chocolate brown suits, light shirt, and a caramel gives the company a powerful brand within the airline industry and outside the industry as well. These attires give the Emirates Airline a unique branding image responsible for proper advertisements and image upgrade (Cockburn par. 6). The airline’s corporate image of innovation has helped it achieve its strategic goals and objectives, thereby earning it a global reputation for excellent services. Independent Global Business In the airline sector, man y ventures revolve around airline alliance services and product provision. However, Emirates Airline developed a business strategy for exploiting the virgin market in the Middle East through independent service provision. This strategy has worked to their advantage since there is an ease with decision-making and planning aspects. The company defines the kind of employees to hire and the remuneration structure to adopt contrary to an alliance setting in which several consultative forums are necessary for single decision issue in decision-making. Kotter Steps in Implementation Independent Global Business Strategy Independent service provision strategy became operational due to bureaucracies in decision-making in the alliance’s airline business ventures. Noting this weakness in the airline sector, Emirates leadership began to offer services from Dubai to Pakistan with a group of hardworking individual in a single leased plane. As the business grew, expansion strategy began to ta ke centre stage and leasing became obsolete (The Emirates Group par. 2). The company use Kotter’s 8-step change model to bring changes in its operations. The management embarked on acquisition of planes to offer services to the growing customer base. Management team developed more focus on satisfaction of customers to withstand the competition from the established airline alliances. Emphasis on employee training and motivation set in as demand for ideas increased to match the rising customer base. As the competition from the airline alliance intensified, the Emirates Airline developed adequate strategies for achieving quick short-term goals and objectives to ensure relevance in service provision. Employees received encouragement and motivation for innovative ideas brought forward. Management team introduced secure employment opportunities and proper compensation schemes to attract more productive workforce. These initiatives are significant in branding and advertisements of t he airlines, thus leading to success as evident in the current market. Leadership Structures and Innovation Emirates Airline leaders highly engage in employee management and developments structures. The company takes into account employees’ needs, environmental needs, as well as the community needs. It is for this reason that the management initiated social responsibility activities without resistances. Such flexible and democratic leadership structures proved vital to the success of Emirates Airline. As Amar denotes, diversity within the workforce in this flight company helps in the creation of an ample and innovative productive environment (97). Strong positive culture within the workforce coupled with adequate space for innovation and necessary rewards for exemplary performance help in propelling Emirates Airline over its competitors. Management structures in the company ensure the diverse and innovative workforce engages in specialised service production towards the compa ny’s specific goals. The company’s slogan, â€Å"Emirates: keep discovering† forms the basis for the ever-rising number of innovative ideas with Emirate Airline. One of the most outstanding ideas in the recent past remains the famous â€Å"Sydney Kangaroo route† which offers non-stop flights from Dubai to Sydney. This service maintains the company’s competitive advantage over other international companies since such flights skip stopovers in busy airports like Heathrow, London, and Paris. Corporate Image and Communication In the entire Emirates Group, all marketing and communication remain the sole responsibility of the corporate communication division. This division boasts of having skilled and professional teams responsible for branding, advertisements, public relations, and promotional activities of the group. Verghese (243) explains that communication systems within an organisation play a vital role by offering a sufficient production environme nt within the production sector. Even though external communication is important for public relations and proper external picture in the global world, internal communication systems within the different tiers of employees is necessary to ensure smooth running of an organisation. Works Cited Amar, Amar Dev. Managing knowledge workers unleashing innovation and productivity. Westport, Conn.: Quorum Books, 2002. Print. Carter, Louis, David Giber, and Marshall Goldsmith. Best practices in organization development and change: culture, leadership, retention, performance, coaching: case studies, tools, models, research. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass/Pfeiffer, 2001. Print. Cockburn, Barbara. For Uniforms, Emirates Distances Itself from Haute Couture. N.p., 9 July 2009. Web.. Finney, Martha. Building high-performance people and organizations. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2008. Print. Ilgen, Daniel, and Elaine Diane Pulakos. The changing nature of performance: implications for staffing, motivation, and development. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1999. Print. Randeree, Keith. â€Å"Strategy, Policy and Practice in the Nationalisation of Human Capital: ‘Project Emiratisation’.† Research and Practice in Human Resource Management 17.1. (2009): 71-91. Print. The Emirates Group. N.p., n.d. Web. Torrington, Derek, Laura Hall, and Stephen Taylor. Human resource management. 5th ed. New York: Financial Times Prentice Hall, 2002. Print. Verghese, Aniisu. Internal communications insights, practices, and models. New Delhi: SAGE Publications, 2012. Print. This report on HRM Strategy at the Emirates Airline was written and submitted by user Zayden Tyson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Hoover Dam - History and Construction

Hoover Dam - History and Construction Dam Type: Arch GravityHeight: 726.4 feet (221.3 m)Length: 1244 feet (379.2 m)Crest Width: 45 feet (13.7 m)Base Width: 660 feet (201.2 m)Volume of Concrete: 3.25 million cubic yards (2.6 million m3) Hoover Dam is a large arch-gravity dam located on the border of the states of Nevada and Arizona on the Colorado River in its Black Canyon. It was constructed between 1931 and 1936 and today it provides power for various utilities in Nevada, Arizona, and California. It also provides flood protection for numerous areas downstream and it is a major tourist attraction as it is close to Las Vegas and it forms the popular Lake Mead reservoir. History of Hoover Dam Throughout the late 1800s and into the early 1900s, the American Southwest was rapidly growing and expanding. Since much of the region is arid, new settlements were constantly looking for water and there were various attempts made to control the Colorado River and use it as a freshwater source for municipal uses and irrigation. In addition, flood control on the river was a major issue. As electric power transmission improved, the Colorado River was also looked at as a potential site for hydroelectric power. Finally, in 1922, the Bureau of Reclamation developed a report for the construction of a dam on the lower Colorado River to prevent flooding downstream and provide electricity for growing cities nearby. The report stated that there were federal concerns to building anything on the river because it passes through several states and eventually enters Mexico. To quell these concerns, the seven states within the rivers basin formed the Colorado River Compact to manage its water. The initial study site for the dam was at Boulder Canyon, which was found to be unsuitable because of the presence of a fault. Other sites included in the report were said to be too narrow for camps at the base of the dam and they too were disregarded. Finally, the Bureau of Reclamation studied Black Canyon and found it to be ideal because of its size, as well as its location near Las Vegas and its railroads. Despite the removal of Boulder Canyon from consideration, the final approved project was called the Boulder Canyon Project. Once the Boulder Canyon project was approved, officials decided the dam would be a single arch-gravity dam with the width of 660 ft (200 m) of concrete at the bottom and 45 ft (14 m) at the top. The top would also have a highway connecting Nevada and Arizona. Once the dam type and dimensions were decided, construction bids went out to the public and Six Companies Inc. was the chosen contractor. Construction of Hoover Dam After the dam was authorized, thousands of workers came to southern Nevada to work on the dam. Las Vegas grew considerably and Six Companies Inc. built Boulder City, Nevada to house the workers. Prior to constructing the dam, the Colorado River had to be diverted from Black Canyon. To do this, four tunnels were carved into the canyon walls on both the Arizona and Nevada sides beginning in 1931. Once carved, the tunnels were lined with concrete and in November 1932, the river was diverted into the Arizona tunnels with the Nevada tunnels being saved in case of overflow. Once the Colorado River was diverted, two cofferdams were constructed to prevent flooding in the area where men would be building the dam. Once completed, excavation for the foundation of Hoover Dam and the installation of columns for the arch structure of the dam began. The first concrete for Hoover Dam was then poured on June 6, 1933 in a series of sections so that it would be allowed to dry and cure properly (if it had been poured all at once, heating and cooling during day and night would have caused the concrete to cure unevenly and take 125 years to cool completely). This process took until May 29, 1935, to complete and it used 3.25 million cubic yards (2.48 million m3) of concrete. Hoover Dam was officially dedicated as Boulder Dam on September 30, 1935. President Franklin D. Roosevelt was present and most of the work on the dam (with the exception of the powerhouse) was completed at the time. Congress then renamed the dam Hoover Dam after President Herbert Hoover in 1947. Hoover Dam Today Today, Hoover Dam is used as a means of flood control on the lower Colorado River. Storage and delivery of the rivers waters from Lake Mead is also an integral part of the dams usage in that it provides reliable water for irrigation in both the U.S. and Mexico as well as municipal water uses in areas like Las Vegas, Los Angeles, and Phoenix. In addition, the Hoover Dam provides low-cost hydroelectric power for Nevada, Arizona, and California. The dam generates more than four billion kilowatt-hours of electricity per year and it is one of the largest hydropower facilities in the U.S. Revenue generated from power sold at Hoover Dam also pays for all of its operating and maintenance costs.Hoover Dam is also a major tourist destination as it is located only 30 miles (48 km) from Las Vegas and is along U.S. Highway 93. Since its construction, tourism was taken into consideration at the dam and all visitor facilities were built with the best materials available at the time. However, due to security concerns after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, concerns about vehicle traffic on the dam initiated the Hoover Dam Bypass project completed in 2010. The Bypass consists of a bridge and no through traffic will be allowed across.

Health and sefteay Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Health and sefteay - Essay Example 2. Declining Balance Depreciation Method. This is an accelerated depreciation technique that calculates twice the value of the asset every year as an expense as compared to the straight-line method. The method is precise when the asset is expected to generate large revenues in its early life. The book value used in this method at the beginning of the depreciation year is the original cost of the asset while later in the year it is equivalent to the original cost less the accumulated depreciation. 3. Sum of the Years Digits (SYD) Method. This is also an accelerated technique for calculating the depreciation of an asset. It involves summing up the expected life of the asset for each consecutive depreciating year. For n years, the formula would be SYD = n (n + 1)/2. The depreciation is then calculated by multiplying the total depreciable amount of useful life of the asset by the remaining useful life divided by the SYD. The straight-line method is different from the other two techniques in that the amount of the deduction for depreciation is similar for each year of the life of the asset. This ensures that the method prevents bias in situations in which the depreciation pattern or the economic benefits of the asset are difficult to estimate. Hence it is most applicable where the useful life of the asset is long and when the economic benefits of the asset are difficult to estimate. The declining balance depreciation method is also referred to as double declining balance rate and it varies from the other methods in that it allows for larger amounts of depreciation during the early life of the asset as compared to later. It is most applicable when the asset is expected to generate a greater income during its early useful life. The Sum of the Years Digits (SYD) Method is different from the other two methods in that the numbers assigned to the consecutive useful years of the asset are summed up. For ‘n’ useful years, the sum of the